diff --git a/juniper_codegen/src/common/deprecation.rs b/juniper_codegen/src/common/deprecation.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9efd6ef0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/juniper_codegen/src/common/deprecation.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+//! Common functions, definitions and extensions for parsing and code generation
+//! of [GraphQL deprecation directive][0].
+//!
+//! [0]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec--deprecated
+
+use proc_macro2::TokenStream;
+use quote::{quote, ToTokens};
+use syn::{
+    parse::{Parse, ParseStream},
+    spanned::Spanned as _,
+    token,
+};
+
+use crate::common::{parse::ParseBufferExt as _, SpanContainer};
+
+/// [GraphQL deprecation directive][0] defined on a [GraphQL field][1] or a
+/// [GraphQL enum value][2] via `#[graphql(deprecated = ...)]` (or
+/// `#[deprecated(note = ...)]`) attribute.
+///
+/// [0]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec--deprecated
+/// [1]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Language.Fields
+/// [2]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Enum-Value
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+pub(crate) struct Directive {
+    /// Optional [reason][1] attached to this [deprecation][0].
+    ///
+    /// [0]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec--deprecated
+    /// [1]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sel-GAHnBZDACEDDGAA_6L
+    pub(crate) reason: Option<syn::LitStr>,
+}
+
+impl Parse for Directive {
+    fn parse(input: ParseStream<'_>) -> syn::Result<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            reason: input
+                .try_parse::<token::Eq>()?
+                .map(|_| input.parse::<syn::LitStr>())
+                .transpose()?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl Directive {
+    /// Tries to parse a [`Directive`] from a `#[deprecated(note = ...)]`
+    /// attribute, by looking up for it in the provided [`syn::Attribute`]s.
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    ///
+    /// If failed to parse a [`Directive`] from a found
+    /// `#[deprecated(note = ...)]` attribute.
+    pub(crate) fn parse_from_deprecated_attr(
+        attrs: &[syn::Attribute],
+    ) -> syn::Result<Option<SpanContainer<Self>>> {
+        for attr in attrs {
+            return Ok(match attr.parse_meta() {
+                Ok(syn::Meta::List(ref list)) if list.path.is_ident("deprecated") => {
+                    let directive = Self::parse_from_deprecated_meta_list(list)?;
+                    Some(SpanContainer::new(
+                        list.path.span(),
+                        directive.reason.as_ref().map(|r| r.span()),
+                        directive,
+                    ))
+                }
+                Ok(syn::Meta::Path(ref path)) if path.is_ident("deprecated") => {
+                    Some(SpanContainer::new(path.span(), None, Self::default()))
+                }
+                _ => continue,
+            });
+        }
+        Ok(None)
+    }
+
+    /// Tries to parse a [`Directive`] from the [`syn::MetaList`] of a single
+    /// `#[deprecated(note = ...)]` attribute.
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    ///
+    /// If the `#[deprecated(note = ...)]` attribute has incorrect format.
+    fn parse_from_deprecated_meta_list(list: &syn::MetaList) -> syn::Result<Self> {
+        for meta in &list.nested {
+            if let syn::NestedMeta::Meta(syn::Meta::NameValue(nv)) = meta {
+                return if !nv.path.is_ident("note") {
+                    Err(syn::Error::new(
+                        nv.path.span(),
+                        "unrecognized setting on #[deprecated(..)] attribute",
+                    ))
+                } else if let syn::Lit::Str(strlit) = &nv.lit {
+                    Ok(Self {
+                        reason: Some(strlit.clone()),
+                    })
+                } else {
+                    Err(syn::Error::new(
+                        nv.lit.span(),
+                        "only strings are allowed for deprecation",
+                    ))
+                };
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(Self::default())
+    }
+}
+
+impl ToTokens for Directive {
+    fn to_tokens(&self, into: &mut TokenStream) {
+        let reason = self
+            .reason
+            .as_ref()
+            .map_or_else(|| quote! { None }, |text| quote! { Some(#text) });
+        quote! {
+            .deprecated(::std::option::Option::#reason)
+        }
+        .to_tokens(into);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/juniper_codegen/src/common/description.rs b/juniper_codegen/src/common/description.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6b9533e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/juniper_codegen/src/common/description.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+//! Common functions, definitions and extensions for parsing and code generation
+//! of [GraphQL description][0].
+//!
+//! [0]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Descriptions
+
+use proc_macro2::TokenStream;
+use quote::{quote, ToTokens};
+use syn::parse::{Parse, ParseStream};
+
+use crate::common::SpanContainer;
+
+/// [GraphQL description][0] defined on a GraphQL definition via
+/// `#[graphql(description = ...)]` (or `#[doc = ...]`) attribute.
+///
+/// [0]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Descriptions
+#[derive(Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
+pub(crate) struct Description(syn::LitStr);
+
+impl Parse for Description {
+    fn parse(input: ParseStream<'_>) -> syn::Result<Self> {
+        input.parse::<syn::LitStr>().map(Self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Description {
+    /// Tries to parse a [`Description`] from a `#[doc = ...]` attribute (or
+    /// Rust doc comment), by looking up for it in the provided
+    /// [`syn::Attribute`]s.
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    ///
+    /// If failed to parse a [`Description`] from a found `#[doc = ...]`
+    /// attribute.
+    pub(crate) fn parse_from_doc_attrs(
+        attrs: &[syn::Attribute],
+    ) -> syn::Result<Option<SpanContainer<Self>>> {
+        let (mut first_span, mut descriptions) = (None, Vec::new());
+        for attr in attrs {
+            match attr.parse_meta() {
+                Ok(syn::Meta::NameValue(ref nv)) if nv.path.is_ident("doc") => {
+                    if let syn::Lit::Str(strlit) = &nv.lit {
+                        if first_span.is_none() {
+                            first_span = Some(strlit.span());
+                        }
+                        descriptions.push(strlit.value());
+                    } else {
+                        return Err(syn::Error::new(
+                            nv.lit.span(),
+                            "#[doc] attributes may only have a string literal",
+                        ));
+                    }
+                }
+                _ => continue,
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(first_span.map(|span| {
+            SpanContainer::new(
+                span,
+                None,
+                Self(syn::LitStr::new(&Self::concatenate(&descriptions), span)),
+            )
+        }))
+    }
+
+    /// Concatenates [`Description`] strings into a single one.
+    fn concatenate(descriptions: &[String]) -> String {
+        let last_index = descriptions.len() - 1;
+        descriptions
+            .iter()
+            .map(|s| s.as_str().trim_end())
+            .map(|s| {
+                // Trim leading space.
+                s.strip_prefix(' ').unwrap_or(s)
+            })
+            .enumerate()
+            .fold(String::new(), |mut buffer, (index, s)| {
+                // Add newline, except when string ends in a continuation
+                // backslash or is the last line.
+                if index == last_index {
+                    buffer.push_str(s);
+                } else if s.ends_with('\\') {
+                    buffer.push_str(s.trim_end_matches('\\'));
+                    buffer.push(' ');
+                } else {
+                    buffer.push_str(s);
+                    buffer.push('\n');
+                }
+                buffer
+            })
+    }
+}
+
+impl ToTokens for Description {
+    fn to_tokens(&self, into: &mut TokenStream) {
+        let desc = &self.0;
+
+        quote! {
+            .description(#desc)
+        }
+        .to_tokens(into);
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod parse_from_doc_attrs_test {
+    use quote::quote;
+    use syn::parse_quote;
+
+    use super::Description;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn single() {
+        let desc = Description::parse_from_doc_attrs(&[parse_quote! { #[doc = "foo"] }])
+            .unwrap()
+            .unwrap()
+            .into_inner();
+        assert_eq!(
+            quote! { #desc }.to_string(),
+            quote! { .description("foo") }.to_string(),
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn many() {
+        let desc = Description::parse_from_doc_attrs(&[
+            parse_quote! { #[doc = "foo"] },
+            parse_quote! { #[doc = "\n"] },
+            parse_quote! { #[doc = "bar"] },
+        ])
+        .unwrap()
+        .unwrap()
+        .into_inner();
+        assert_eq!(
+            quote! { #desc }.to_string(),
+            quote! { .description("foo\n\nbar") }.to_string(),
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn not_doc() {
+        let desc = Description::parse_from_doc_attrs(&[parse_quote! { #[blah = "foo"] }]).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(desc, None);
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod concatenate_test {
+    use super::Description;
+
+    /// Forms a [`Vec`] of [`String`]s out of the provided [`str`]s
+    /// [`Iterator`].
+    fn to_strings<'i>(source: impl IntoIterator<Item = &'i str>) -> Vec<String> {
+        source.into_iter().map(ToOwned::to_owned).collect()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn single() {
+        assert_eq!(Description::concatenate(&to_strings(["foo"])), "foo");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn multiple() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            Description::concatenate(&to_strings(["foo", "bar"])),
+            "foo\nbar",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn trims_spaces() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            Description::concatenate(&to_strings([" foo ", "bar ", " baz"])),
+            "foo\nbar\nbaz",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn empty() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            Description::concatenate(&to_strings(["foo", "", "bar"])),
+            "foo\n\nbar",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn newline_spaces() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            Description::concatenate(&to_strings(["foo ", "", " bar"])),
+            "foo\n\nbar",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn continuation_backslash() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            Description::concatenate(&to_strings(["foo\\", "x\\", "y", "bar"])),
+            "foo x y\nbar",
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/juniper_codegen/src/result.rs b/juniper_codegen/src/common/diagnostic.rs
similarity index 79%
rename from juniper_codegen/src/result.rs
rename to juniper_codegen/src/common/diagnostic.rs
index 24a0fa8f..1d5ebc9c 100644
--- a/juniper_codegen/src/result.rs
+++ b/juniper_codegen/src/common/diagnostic.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,12 @@
-//!
-
 use std::fmt;
 
 use proc_macro2::Span;
 use proc_macro_error::{Diagnostic, Level};
 
 /// URL of the GraphQL specification (October 2021 Edition).
-pub const SPEC_URL: &str = "https://spec.graphql.org/October2021";
+pub(crate) const SPEC_URL: &str = "https://spec.graphql.org/October2021";
 
-pub enum GraphQLScope {
+pub(crate) enum Scope {
     EnumDerive,
     InputObjectDerive,
     InterfaceAttr,
@@ -22,8 +20,8 @@ pub enum GraphQLScope {
     UnionDerive,
 }
 
-impl GraphQLScope {
-    pub fn spec_section(&self) -> &str {
+impl Scope {
+    pub(crate) fn spec_section(&self) -> &str {
         match self {
             Self::EnumDerive => "#sec-Enums",
             Self::InputObjectDerive => "#sec-Input-Objects",
@@ -36,7 +34,7 @@ impl GraphQLScope {
     }
 }
 
-impl fmt::Display for GraphQLScope {
+impl fmt::Display for Scope {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         let name = match self {
             Self::EnumDerive => "enum",
@@ -51,30 +49,30 @@ impl fmt::Display for GraphQLScope {
     }
 }
 
-impl GraphQLScope {
+impl Scope {
     fn spec_link(&self) -> String {
         format!("{}{}", SPEC_URL, self.spec_section())
     }
 
-    pub fn custom<S: AsRef<str>>(&self, span: Span, msg: S) -> Diagnostic {
+    pub(crate) fn custom<S: AsRef<str>>(&self, span: Span, msg: S) -> Diagnostic {
         Diagnostic::spanned(span, Level::Error, format!("{} {}", self, msg.as_ref()))
             .note(self.spec_link())
     }
 
-    pub fn error(&self, err: syn::Error) -> Diagnostic {
+    pub(crate) fn error(&self, err: syn::Error) -> Diagnostic {
         Diagnostic::spanned(err.span(), Level::Error, format!("{} {}", self, err))
             .note(self.spec_link())
     }
 
-    pub fn emit_custom<S: AsRef<str>>(&self, span: Span, msg: S) {
+    pub(crate) fn emit_custom<S: AsRef<str>>(&self, span: Span, msg: S) {
         self.custom(span, msg).emit()
     }
 
-    pub fn custom_error<S: AsRef<str>>(&self, span: Span, msg: S) -> syn::Error {
+    pub(crate) fn custom_error<S: AsRef<str>>(&self, span: Span, msg: S) -> syn::Error {
         syn::Error::new(span, format!("{} {}", self, msg.as_ref()))
     }
 
-    pub fn no_double_underscore(&self, field: Span) {
+    pub(crate) fn no_double_underscore(&self, field: Span) {
         Diagnostic::spanned(
             field,
             Level::Error,
diff --git a/juniper_codegen/src/common/field/arg.rs b/juniper_codegen/src/common/field/arg.rs
index 517c9eb4..1874c8ae 100644
--- a/juniper_codegen/src/common/field/arg.rs
+++ b/juniper_codegen/src/common/field/arg.rs
@@ -14,16 +14,13 @@ use syn::{
     token,
 };
 
-use crate::{
-    common::{
-        parse::{
-            attr::{err, OptionExt as _},
-            ParseBufferExt as _, TypeExt as _,
-        },
-        scalar,
+use crate::common::{
+    default, diagnostic, filter_attrs,
+    parse::{
+        attr::{err, OptionExt as _},
+        ParseBufferExt as _, TypeExt as _,
     },
-    result::GraphQLScope,
-    util::{filter_attrs, path_eq_single, span_container::SpanContainer, RenameRule},
+    path_eq_single, rename, scalar, Description, SpanContainer,
 };
 
 /// Available metadata (arguments) behind `#[graphql]` attribute placed on a
@@ -44,19 +41,16 @@ pub(crate) struct Attr {
     ///
     /// [1]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Language.Arguments
     /// [2]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Descriptions
-    pub(crate) description: Option<SpanContainer<syn::LitStr>>,
+    pub(crate) description: Option<SpanContainer<Description>>,
 
     /// Explicitly specified [default value][2] of this [GraphQL argument][1].
     ///
-    /// If the exact default expression is not specified, then the [`Default`]
-    /// value is used.
-    ///
     /// If [`None`], then this [GraphQL argument][1] is considered as
     /// [required][2].
     ///
     /// [1]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Language.Arguments
     /// [2]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Required-Arguments
-    pub(crate) default: Option<SpanContainer<Option<syn::Expr>>>,
+    pub(crate) default: Option<SpanContainer<default::Value>>,
 
     /// Explicitly specified marker indicating that this method argument doesn't
     /// represent a [GraphQL argument][1], but is a [`Context`] being injected
@@ -98,27 +92,15 @@ impl Parse for Attr {
                 }
                 "desc" | "description" => {
                     input.parse::<token::Eq>()?;
-                    let desc = input.parse::<syn::LitStr>()?;
+                    let desc = input.parse::<Description>()?;
                     out.description
                         .replace(SpanContainer::new(ident.span(), Some(desc.span()), desc))
                         .none_or_else(|_| err::dup_arg(&ident))?
                 }
                 "default" => {
-                    let mut expr = None;
-                    if input.is_next::<token::Eq>() {
-                        input.parse::<token::Eq>()?;
-                        expr = Some(input.parse::<syn::Expr>()?);
-                    } else if input.is_next::<token::Paren>() {
-                        let inner;
-                        let _ = syn::parenthesized!(inner in input);
-                        expr = Some(inner.parse::<syn::Expr>()?);
-                    }
+                    let val = input.parse::<default::Value>()?;
                     out.default
-                        .replace(SpanContainer::new(
-                            ident.span(),
-                            expr.as_ref().map(|e| e.span()),
-                            expr,
-                        ))
+                        .replace(SpanContainer::new(ident.span(), Some(val.span()), val))
                         .none_or_else(|_| err::dup_arg(&ident))?
                 }
                 "ctx" | "context" | "Context" => {
@@ -241,18 +223,15 @@ pub(crate) struct OnField {
     ///
     /// [1]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Language.Arguments
     /// [2]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Descriptions
-    pub(crate) description: Option<String>,
+    pub(crate) description: Option<Description>,
 
     /// Default value of this [GraphQL field argument][1] in GraphQL schema.
     ///
-    /// If outer [`Option`] is [`None`], then this [argument][1] is a
-    /// [required][2] one.
-    ///
-    /// If inner [`Option`] is [`None`], then the [`Default`] value is used.
+    /// If [`None`], then this [argument][1] is a [required][2] one.
     ///
     /// [1]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Language.Arguments
     /// [2]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Required-Arguments
-    pub(crate) default: Option<Option<syn::Expr>>,
+    pub(crate) default: Option<default::Value>,
 }
 
 /// Possible kinds of Rust method arguments for code generation.
@@ -323,16 +302,9 @@ impl OnMethod {
 
         let (name, ty) = (&arg.name, &arg.ty);
 
-        let description = arg
-            .description
-            .as_ref()
-            .map(|desc| quote! { .description(#desc) });
+        let description = &arg.description;
 
         let method = if let Some(val) = &arg.default {
-            let val = val
-                .as_ref()
-                .map(|v| quote! { (#v).into() })
-                .unwrap_or_else(|| quote! { <#ty as Default>::default() });
             quote_spanned! { val.span() =>
                 .arg_with_default::<#ty>(#name, &#val, info)
             }
@@ -395,8 +367,8 @@ impl OnMethod {
     /// given `scope`.
     pub(crate) fn parse(
         argument: &mut syn::PatType,
-        renaming: &RenameRule,
-        scope: &GraphQLScope,
+        renaming: &rename::Policy,
+        scope: &diagnostic::Scope,
     ) -> Option<Self> {
         let orig_attrs = argument.attrs.clone();
 
@@ -462,8 +434,8 @@ impl OnMethod {
         Some(Self::Regular(Box::new(OnField {
             name,
             ty: argument.ty.as_ref().clone(),
-            description: attr.description.as_ref().map(|d| d.as_ref().value()),
-            default: attr.default.as_ref().map(|v| v.as_ref().clone()),
+            description: attr.description.map(SpanContainer::into_inner),
+            default: attr.default.map(SpanContainer::into_inner),
         })))
     }
 }
diff --git a/juniper_codegen/src/common/field/mod.rs b/juniper_codegen/src/common/field/mod.rs
index 7487380e..4ed6d79c 100644
--- a/juniper_codegen/src/common/field/mod.rs
+++ b/juniper_codegen/src/common/field/mod.rs
@@ -14,15 +14,13 @@ use syn::{
     token,
 };
 
-use crate::{
-    common::{
-        parse::{
-            attr::{err, OptionExt as _},
-            ParseBufferExt as _,
-        },
-        scalar,
+use crate::common::{
+    deprecation, filter_attrs,
+    parse::{
+        attr::{err, OptionExt as _},
+        ParseBufferExt as _,
     },
-    util::{filter_attrs, get_deprecated, get_doc_comment, span_container::SpanContainer},
+    scalar, Description, SpanContainer,
 };
 
 pub(crate) use self::arg::OnMethod as MethodArgument;
@@ -47,7 +45,7 @@ pub(crate) struct Attr {
     ///
     /// [1]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Language.Fields
     /// [2]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Descriptions
-    pub(crate) description: Option<SpanContainer<syn::LitStr>>,
+    pub(crate) description: Option<SpanContainer<Description>>,
 
     /// Explicitly specified [deprecation][2] of this [GraphQL field][1].
     ///
@@ -56,7 +54,7 @@ pub(crate) struct Attr {
     ///
     /// [1]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Language.Fields
     /// [2]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Deprecation
-    pub(crate) deprecated: Option<SpanContainer<Option<syn::LitStr>>>,
+    pub(crate) deprecated: Option<SpanContainer<deprecation::Directive>>,
 
     /// Explicitly specified marker indicating that this method (or struct
     /// field) should be omitted by code generation and not considered as the
@@ -81,22 +79,18 @@ impl Parse for Attr {
                 }
                 "desc" | "description" => {
                     input.parse::<token::Eq>()?;
-                    let desc = input.parse::<syn::LitStr>()?;
+                    let desc = input.parse::<Description>()?;
                     out.description
                         .replace(SpanContainer::new(ident.span(), Some(desc.span()), desc))
                         .none_or_else(|_| err::dup_arg(&ident))?
                 }
                 "deprecated" => {
-                    let mut reason = None;
-                    if input.is_next::<token::Eq>() {
-                        input.parse::<token::Eq>()?;
-                        reason = Some(input.parse::<syn::LitStr>()?);
-                    }
+                    let directive = input.parse::<deprecation::Directive>()?;
                     out.deprecated
                         .replace(SpanContainer::new(
                             ident.span(),
-                            reason.as_ref().map(|r| r.span()),
-                            reason,
+                            directive.reason.as_ref().map(|r| r.span()),
+                            directive,
                         ))
                         .none_or_else(|_| err::dup_arg(&ident))?
                 }
@@ -145,17 +139,11 @@ impl Attr {
         }
 
         if attr.description.is_none() {
-            attr.description = get_doc_comment(attrs).map(|sc| {
-                let span = sc.span_ident();
-                sc.map(|desc| syn::LitStr::new(&desc, span))
-            });
+            attr.description = Description::parse_from_doc_attrs(attrs)?;
         }
 
         if attr.deprecated.is_none() {
-            attr.deprecated = get_deprecated(attrs).map(|sc| {
-                let span = sc.span_ident();
-                sc.map(|depr| depr.reason.map(|rsn| syn::LitStr::new(&rsn, span)))
-            });
+            attr.deprecated = deprecation::Directive::parse_from_deprecated_attr(attrs)?;
         }
 
         Ok(attr)
@@ -182,16 +170,13 @@ pub(crate) struct Definition {
     ///
     /// [1]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Language.Fields
     /// [2]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Descriptions
-    pub(crate) description: Option<String>,
+    pub(crate) description: Option<Description>,
 
     /// [Deprecation][2] of this [GraphQL field][1] to put into GraphQL schema.
     ///
-    /// If inner [`Option`] is [`None`], then deprecation has no message
-    /// attached.
-    ///
     /// [1]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Language.Fields
     /// [2]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Deprecation
-    pub(crate) deprecated: Option<Option<String>>,
+    pub(crate) deprecated: Option<deprecation::Directive>,
 
     /// Ident of the Rust method (or struct field) representing this
     /// [GraphQL field][1].
@@ -305,18 +290,8 @@ impl Definition {
             };
         }
 
-        let description = self
-            .description
-            .as_ref()
-            .map(|desc| quote! { .description(#desc) });
-
-        let deprecated = self.deprecated.as_ref().map(|reason| {
-            let reason = reason
-                .as_ref()
-                .map(|rsn| quote! { Some(#rsn) })
-                .unwrap_or_else(|| quote! { None });
-            quote! { .deprecated(#reason) }
-        });
+        let description = &self.description;
+        let deprecated = &self.deprecated;
 
         let args = self
             .arguments
diff --git a/juniper_codegen/src/common/mod.rs b/juniper_codegen/src/common/mod.rs
index e3f72d63..e6e3dd8f 100644
--- a/juniper_codegen/src/common/mod.rs
+++ b/juniper_codegen/src/common/mod.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,31 @@
 //! Common functions, definitions and extensions for code generation, used by this crate.
 
 pub(crate) mod default;
+pub(crate) mod deprecation;
+mod description;
+pub(crate) mod diagnostic;
 pub(crate) mod field;
 pub(crate) mod gen;
 pub(crate) mod parse;
+pub(crate) mod rename;
 pub(crate) mod scalar;
+mod span_container;
+
+pub(crate) use self::{description::Description, span_container::SpanContainer};
+
+/// Checks whether the specified [`syn::Path`] equals to one-segment string
+/// `value`.
+pub(crate) fn path_eq_single(path: &syn::Path, value: &str) -> bool {
+    path.segments.len() == 1 && path.segments[0].ident == value
+}
+
+/// Filters the provided [`syn::Attribute`] to contain only ones with the
+/// specified `name`.
+pub(crate) fn filter_attrs<'a>(
+    name: &'a str,
+    attrs: &'a [syn::Attribute],
+) -> impl Iterator<Item = &'a syn::Attribute> + 'a {
+    attrs
+        .iter()
+        .filter(move |attr| path_eq_single(&attr.path, name))
+}
diff --git a/juniper_codegen/src/common/parse/attr.rs b/juniper_codegen/src/common/parse/attr.rs
index 9e42cc97..03ba8d73 100644
--- a/juniper_codegen/src/common/parse/attr.rs
+++ b/juniper_codegen/src/common/parse/attr.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 use proc_macro2::{Span, TokenStream};
 use syn::parse_quote;
 
-use crate::util::path_eq_single;
+use crate::common::path_eq_single;
 
 /// Prepends the given `attrs` collection with a new [`syn::Attribute`] generated from the given
 /// `attr_path` and `attr_args`.
diff --git a/juniper_codegen/src/common/rename.rs b/juniper_codegen/src/common/rename.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2eda94bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/juniper_codegen/src/common/rename.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+//! Common functions, definitions and extensions for parsing and code generation
+//! of `#[graphql(rename_all = ...)]` attribute.
+
+use std::{convert::TryFrom, str::FromStr};
+
+use syn::parse::{Parse, ParseStream};
+
+/// Possible ways to rename all [GraphQL fields][1] or [GrqphQL enum values][2].
+///
+/// [1]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Language.Fields
+/// [2]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Enum-Value
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
+pub(crate) enum Policy {
+    /// Do nothing, and use the default conventions renaming.
+    None,
+
+    /// Rename in `camelCase` style.
+    CamelCase,
+
+    /// Rename in `SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE` style.
+    ScreamingSnakeCase,
+}
+
+impl Policy {
+    /// Applies this [`Policy`] to the given `name`.
+    pub(crate) fn apply(&self, name: &str) -> String {
+        match self {
+            Self::None => name.to_owned(),
+            Self::CamelCase => to_camel_case(name),
+            Self::ScreamingSnakeCase => to_upper_snake_case(name),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromStr for Policy {
+    type Err = ();
+
+    fn from_str(rule: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        match rule {
+            "none" => Ok(Self::None),
+            "camelCase" => Ok(Self::CamelCase),
+            "SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE" => Ok(Self::ScreamingSnakeCase),
+            _ => Err(()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<syn::LitStr> for Policy {
+    type Error = syn::Error;
+
+    fn try_from(lit: syn::LitStr) -> syn::Result<Self> {
+        Self::from_str(&lit.value())
+            .map_err(|_| syn::Error::new(lit.span(), "unknown renaming policy"))
+    }
+}
+
+impl Parse for Policy {
+    fn parse(input: ParseStream<'_>) -> syn::Result<Self> {
+        Self::try_from(input.parse::<syn::LitStr>()?)
+    }
+}
+
+// NOTE: duplicated from juniper crate!
+fn to_camel_case(s: &str) -> String {
+    let mut dest = String::new();
+
+    // Handle `_` and `__` to be more friendly with the `_var` convention for
+    // unused variables, and GraphQL introspection identifiers.
+    let s_iter = if let Some(s) = s.strip_prefix("__") {
+        dest.push_str("__");
+        s
+    } else {
+        s.strip_prefix('_').unwrap_or(s)
+    }
+    .split('_')
+    .enumerate();
+
+    for (i, part) in s_iter {
+        if i > 0 && part.len() == 1 {
+            dest.push_str(&part.to_uppercase());
+        } else if i > 0 && part.len() > 1 {
+            let first = part
+                .chars()
+                .next()
+                .unwrap()
+                .to_uppercase()
+                .collect::<String>();
+            let second = &part[1..];
+
+            dest.push_str(&first);
+            dest.push_str(second);
+        } else if i == 0 {
+            dest.push_str(part);
+        }
+    }
+
+    dest
+}
+
+fn to_upper_snake_case(s: &str) -> String {
+    let mut last_lower = false;
+    let mut upper = String::new();
+    for c in s.chars() {
+        if c == '_' {
+            last_lower = false;
+        } else if c.is_lowercase() {
+            last_lower = true;
+        } else if c.is_uppercase() {
+            if last_lower {
+                upper.push('_');
+            }
+            last_lower = false;
+        }
+
+        for u in c.to_uppercase() {
+            upper.push(u);
+        }
+    }
+    upper
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod to_camel_case_tests {
+    use super::to_camel_case;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn converts_correctly() {
+        for (input, expected) in [
+            ("test", "test"),
+            ("_test", "test"),
+            ("__test", "__test"),
+            ("first_second", "firstSecond"),
+            ("first_", "first"),
+            ("a_b_c", "aBC"),
+            ("a_bc", "aBc"),
+            ("a_b", "aB"),
+            ("a", "a"),
+            ("", ""),
+        ] {
+            assert_eq!(to_camel_case(input), expected);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod to_upper_snake_case_tests {
+    use super::to_upper_snake_case;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn converts_correctly() {
+        for (input, expected) in [
+            ("abc", "ABC"),
+            ("a_bc", "A_BC"),
+            ("ABC", "ABC"),
+            ("A_BC", "A_BC"),
+            ("SomeInput", "SOME_INPUT"),
+            ("someInput", "SOME_INPUT"),
+            ("someINpuT", "SOME_INPU_T"),
+            ("some_INpuT", "SOME_INPU_T"),
+        ] {
+            assert_eq!(to_upper_snake_case(input), expected);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/juniper_codegen/src/util/span_container.rs b/juniper_codegen/src/common/span_container.rs
similarity index 77%
rename from juniper_codegen/src/util/span_container.rs
rename to juniper_codegen/src/common/span_container.rs
index 8b4c6b58..bb27a03b 100644
--- a/juniper_codegen/src/util/span_container.rs
+++ b/juniper_codegen/src/common/span_container.rs
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ use std::{
 use proc_macro2::{Span, TokenStream};
 use quote::ToTokens;
 
-#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
-pub struct SpanContainer<T> {
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct SpanContainer<T> {
     expr: Option<Span>,
     ident: Span,
     val: T,
@@ -20,15 +20,15 @@ impl<T: ToTokens> ToTokens for SpanContainer<T> {
 }
 
 impl<T> SpanContainer<T> {
-    pub fn new(ident: Span, expr: Option<Span>, val: T) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn new(ident: Span, expr: Option<Span>, val: T) -> Self {
         Self { expr, ident, val }
     }
 
-    pub fn span_ident(&self) -> Span {
+    pub(crate) fn span_ident(&self) -> Span {
         self.ident
     }
 
-    pub fn span_joined(&self) -> Span {
+    pub(crate) fn span_joined(&self) -> Span {
         if let Some(s) = self.expr {
             // TODO: Use `Span::join` once stabilized and available on stable:
             //       https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/54725
@@ -41,17 +41,9 @@ impl<T> SpanContainer<T> {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn into_inner(self) -> T {
+    pub(crate) fn into_inner(self) -> T {
         self.val
     }
-
-    pub fn map<U, F: Fn(T) -> U>(self, f: F) -> SpanContainer<U> {
-        SpanContainer {
-            expr: self.expr,
-            ident: self.ident,
-            val: f(self.val),
-        }
-    }
 }
 
 impl<T> AsRef<T> for SpanContainer<T> {
diff --git a/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_enum/derive.rs b/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_enum/derive.rs
index 03ae30c2..f0564a26 100644
--- a/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_enum/derive.rs
+++ b/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_enum/derive.rs
@@ -6,16 +6,12 @@ use proc_macro2::TokenStream;
 use quote::ToTokens as _;
 use syn::{ext::IdentExt as _, parse_quote, spanned::Spanned};
 
-use crate::{
-    common::scalar,
-    result::GraphQLScope,
-    util::{span_container::SpanContainer, RenameRule},
-};
+use crate::common::{diagnostic, rename, scalar, SpanContainer};
 
 use super::{ContainerAttr, Definition, ValueDefinition, VariantAttr};
 
-/// [`GraphQLScope`] of errors for `#[derive(GraphQLEnum)]` macro.
-const ERR: GraphQLScope = GraphQLScope::EnumDerive;
+/// [`diagnostic::Scope`] of errors for `#[derive(GraphQLEnum)]` macro.
+const ERR: diagnostic::Scope = diagnostic::Scope::EnumDerive;
 
 /// Expands `#[derive(GraphQLEnum)]` macro into generated code.
 pub(crate) fn expand(input: TokenStream) -> syn::Result<TokenStream> {
@@ -32,7 +28,7 @@ pub(crate) fn expand(input: TokenStream) -> syn::Result<TokenStream> {
     let renaming = attr
         .rename_values
         .map(SpanContainer::into_inner)
-        .unwrap_or(RenameRule::ScreamingSnakeCase);
+        .unwrap_or(rename::Policy::ScreamingSnakeCase);
     let values = data
         .variants
         .iter()
@@ -80,8 +76,6 @@ pub(crate) fn expand(input: TokenStream) -> syn::Result<TokenStream> {
         .context
         .map_or_else(|| parse_quote! { () }, SpanContainer::into_inner);
 
-    let description = attr.description.map(|d| d.into_inner().into_boxed_str());
-
     let scalar = scalar::Type::parse(attr.scalar.as_deref(), &ast.generics);
 
     proc_macro_error::abort_if_dirty();
@@ -90,7 +84,7 @@ pub(crate) fn expand(input: TokenStream) -> syn::Result<TokenStream> {
         ident: ast.ident,
         generics: ast.generics,
         name,
-        description,
+        description: attr.description.map(SpanContainer::into_inner),
         context,
         scalar,
         values,
@@ -103,7 +97,7 @@ pub(crate) fn expand(input: TokenStream) -> syn::Result<TokenStream> {
 /// Parses a [`ValueDefinition`] from the given Rust enum variant definition.
 ///
 /// Returns [`None`] if the parsing fails, or the enum variant is ignored.
-fn parse_value(v: &syn::Variant, renaming: RenameRule) -> Option<ValueDefinition> {
+fn parse_value(v: &syn::Variant, renaming: rename::Policy) -> Option<ValueDefinition> {
     let attr = VariantAttr::from_attrs("graphql", &v.attrs)
         .map_err(|e| proc_macro_error::emit_error!(e))
         .ok()?;
@@ -124,19 +118,11 @@ fn parse_value(v: &syn::Variant, renaming: RenameRule) -> Option<ValueDefinition
         )
         .into_boxed_str();
 
-    let description = attr.description.map(|d| d.into_inner().into_boxed_str());
-
-    let deprecated = attr.deprecated.map(|desc| {
-        desc.into_inner()
-            .as_ref()
-            .map(|lit| lit.value().into_boxed_str())
-    });
-
     Some(ValueDefinition {
         ident: v.ident.clone(),
         name,
-        description,
-        deprecated,
+        description: attr.description.map(SpanContainer::into_inner),
+        deprecated: attr.deprecated.map(SpanContainer::into_inner),
     })
 }
 
diff --git a/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_enum/mod.rs b/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_enum/mod.rs
index 87763e64..949c7b8d 100644
--- a/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_enum/mod.rs
+++ b/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_enum/mod.rs
@@ -16,17 +16,13 @@ use syn::{
     token,
 };
 
-use crate::{
-    common::{
-        parse::{
-            attr::{err, OptionExt as _},
-            ParseBufferExt as _,
-        },
-        scalar,
-    },
-    util::{
-        filter_attrs, get_deprecated, get_doc_comment, span_container::SpanContainer, RenameRule,
+use crate::common::{
+    deprecation, filter_attrs,
+    parse::{
+        attr::{err, OptionExt as _},
+        ParseBufferExt as _,
     },
+    rename, scalar, Description, SpanContainer,
 };
 
 /// Available arguments behind `#[graphql]` attribute placed on a Rust enum
@@ -49,7 +45,7 @@ struct ContainerAttr {
     ///
     /// [0]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Enums
     /// [2]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Descriptions
-    description: Option<SpanContainer<String>>,
+    description: Option<SpanContainer<Description>>,
 
     /// Explicitly specified type of [`Context`] to use for resolving this
     /// [GraphQL enum][0] type with.
@@ -71,15 +67,15 @@ struct ContainerAttr {
     /// [0]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Enums
     scalar: Option<SpanContainer<scalar::AttrValue>>,
 
-    /// Explicitly specified [`RenameRule`] for all [values][1] of this
+    /// Explicitly specified [`rename::Policy`] for all [values][1] of this
     /// [GraphQL enum][0].
     ///
-    /// If [`None`], then the [`RenameRule::ScreamingSnakeCase`] rule will be
+    /// If [`None`], then the [`rename::Policy::ScreamingSnakeCase`] will be
     /// applied by default.
     ///
     /// [0]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Enums
     /// [1]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#EnumValuesDefinition
-    rename_values: Option<SpanContainer<RenameRule>>,
+    rename_values: Option<SpanContainer<rename::Policy>>,
 
     /// Indicator whether the generated code is intended to be used only inside
     /// the [`juniper`] library.
@@ -105,13 +101,9 @@ impl Parse for ContainerAttr {
                 }
                 "desc" | "description" => {
                     input.parse::<token::Eq>()?;
-                    let desc = input.parse::<syn::LitStr>()?;
+                    let desc = input.parse::<Description>()?;
                     out.description
-                        .replace(SpanContainer::new(
-                            ident.span(),
-                            Some(desc.span()),
-                            desc.value(),
-                        ))
+                        .replace(SpanContainer::new(ident.span(), Some(desc.span()), desc))
                         .none_or_else(|_| err::dup_arg(&ident))?
                 }
                 "ctx" | "context" | "Context" => {
@@ -174,7 +166,7 @@ impl ContainerAttr {
             .try_fold(Self::default(), |prev, curr| prev.try_merge(curr?))?;
 
         if attr.description.is_none() {
-            attr.description = get_doc_comment(attrs);
+            attr.description = Description::parse_from_doc_attrs(attrs)?;
         }
 
         Ok(attr)
@@ -202,19 +194,17 @@ struct VariantAttr {
     ///
     /// [1]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Enum-Value
     /// [2]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Descriptions
-    description: Option<SpanContainer<String>>,
+    description: Option<SpanContainer<Description>>,
 
     /// Explicitly specified [deprecation][2] of this [GraphQL enum value][1].
     ///
     /// If [`None`], then Rust `#[deprecated]` attribute will be used as the
     /// [deprecation][2], if any.
     ///
-    /// If the inner [`Option`] is [`None`], then no [reason][3] was provided.
-    ///
     /// [1]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Enum-Value
     /// [2]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec--deprecated
     /// [3]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sel-GAHnBZDACEDDGAA_6L
-    deprecated: Option<SpanContainer<Option<syn::LitStr>>>,
+    deprecated: Option<SpanContainer<deprecation::Directive>>,
 
     /// Explicitly specified marker for the Rust enum variant to be ignored and
     /// not included into the code generated for a [GraphQL enum][0]
@@ -243,26 +233,18 @@ impl Parse for VariantAttr {
                 }
                 "desc" | "description" => {
                     input.parse::<token::Eq>()?;
-                    let desc = input.parse::<syn::LitStr>()?;
+                    let desc = input.parse::<Description>()?;
                     out.description
-                        .replace(SpanContainer::new(
-                            ident.span(),
-                            Some(desc.span()),
-                            desc.value(),
-                        ))
+                        .replace(SpanContainer::new(ident.span(), Some(desc.span()), desc))
                         .none_or_else(|_| err::dup_arg(&ident))?
                 }
                 "deprecated" => {
-                    let mut reason = None;
-                    if input.is_next::<token::Eq>() {
-                        input.parse::<token::Eq>()?;
-                        reason = Some(input.parse::<syn::LitStr>()?);
-                    }
+                    let directive = input.parse::<deprecation::Directive>()?;
                     out.deprecated
                         .replace(SpanContainer::new(
                             ident.span(),
-                            reason.as_ref().map(|r| r.span()),
-                            reason,
+                            directive.reason.as_ref().map(|r| r.span()),
+                            directive,
                         ))
                         .none_or_else(|_| err::dup_arg(&ident))?
                 }
@@ -300,14 +282,11 @@ impl VariantAttr {
             .try_fold(Self::default(), |prev, curr| prev.try_merge(curr?))?;
 
         if attr.description.is_none() {
-            attr.description = get_doc_comment(attrs);
+            attr.description = Description::parse_from_doc_attrs(attrs)?;
         }
 
         if attr.deprecated.is_none() {
-            attr.deprecated = get_deprecated(attrs).map(|sc| {
-                let span = sc.span_ident();
-                sc.map(|depr| depr.reason.map(|rsn| syn::LitStr::new(&rsn, span)))
-            });
+            attr.deprecated = deprecation::Directive::parse_from_deprecated_attr(attrs)?;
         }
 
         Ok(attr)
@@ -335,18 +314,14 @@ struct ValueDefinition {
     ///
     /// [1]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Enum-Value
     /// [2]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Descriptions
-    description: Option<Box<str>>,
+    description: Option<Description>,
 
     /// [Deprecation][2] of this [GraphQL enum value][1] to put into GraphQL
     /// schema.
     ///
-    /// If the inner [`Option`] is [`None`], then [deprecation][2] has no
-    /// [reason][3] attached.
-    ///
     /// [1]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Enum-Value
     /// [2]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec--deprecated
-    /// [3]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sel-GAHnBZDACEDDGAA_6L
-    deprecated: Option<Option<Box<str>>>,
+    deprecated: Option<deprecation::Directive>,
 }
 
 /// Representation of a [GraphQL enum][0] for code generation.
@@ -373,7 +348,7 @@ struct Definition {
     ///
     /// [0]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Enums
     /// [2]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Descriptions
-    description: Option<Box<str>>,
+    description: Option<Description>,
 
     /// Rust type of [`Context`] to generate [`GraphQLType`] implementation with
     /// for this [GraphQL enum][0].
@@ -457,37 +432,17 @@ impl Definition {
         let (_, ty_generics, _) = self.generics.split_for_impl();
 
         let name = &self.name;
-        let description = self
-            .description
-            .as_ref()
-            .map(|desc| quote! { .description(#desc) });
+        let description = &self.description;
 
         let variants_meta = self.values.iter().map(|v| {
-            let name = &v.name;
-            let description = v.description.as_ref().map_or_else(
-                || quote! { None },
-                |desc| quote! { Some(String::from(#desc)) },
-            );
-            let deprecation_status = match &v.deprecated {
-                None => quote! { ::juniper::meta::DeprecationStatus::Current },
-                Some(None) => quote! {
-                    ::juniper::meta::DeprecationStatus::Deprecated(None)
-                },
-                Some(Some(reason)) => {
-                    quote! {
-                        ::juniper::meta::DeprecationStatus::Deprecated(
-                            Some(String::from(#reason))
-                        )
-                    }
-                }
-            };
+            let v_name = &v.name;
+            let v_description = &v.description;
+            let v_deprecation = &v.deprecated;
 
             quote! {
-                ::juniper::meta::EnumValue {
-                    name: String::from(#name),
-                    description: #description,
-                    deprecation_status: #deprecation_status,
-                }
+                ::juniper::meta::EnumValue::new(#v_name)
+                    #v_description
+                    #v_deprecation
             }
         });
 
diff --git a/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_input_object/derive.rs b/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_input_object/derive.rs
index c1c333b1..370fc200 100644
--- a/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_input_object/derive.rs
+++ b/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_input_object/derive.rs
@@ -6,16 +6,12 @@ use proc_macro2::TokenStream;
 use quote::ToTokens as _;
 use syn::{ext::IdentExt as _, parse_quote, spanned::Spanned};
 
-use crate::{
-    common::scalar,
-    result::GraphQLScope,
-    util::{span_container::SpanContainer, RenameRule},
-};
+use crate::common::{diagnostic, rename, scalar, SpanContainer};
 
 use super::{ContainerAttr, Definition, FieldAttr, FieldDefinition};
 
-/// [`GraphQLScope`] of errors for `#[derive(GraphQLInputObject)]` macro.
-const ERR: GraphQLScope = GraphQLScope::InputObjectDerive;
+/// [`diagnostic::Scope`] of errors for `#[derive(GraphQLInputObject)]` macro.
+const ERR: diagnostic::Scope = diagnostic::Scope::InputObjectDerive;
 
 /// Expands `#[derive(GraphQLInputObject)]` macro into generated code.
 pub fn expand(input: TokenStream) -> syn::Result<TokenStream> {
@@ -31,7 +27,7 @@ pub fn expand(input: TokenStream) -> syn::Result<TokenStream> {
     let renaming = attr
         .rename_fields
         .map(SpanContainer::into_inner)
-        .unwrap_or(RenameRule::CamelCase);
+        .unwrap_or(rename::Policy::CamelCase);
 
     let is_internal = attr.is_internal;
     let fields = data
@@ -73,8 +69,6 @@ pub fn expand(input: TokenStream) -> syn::Result<TokenStream> {
         .context
         .map_or_else(|| parse_quote! { () }, SpanContainer::into_inner);
 
-    let description = attr.description.map(|d| d.into_inner().into_boxed_str());
-
     let scalar = scalar::Type::parse(attr.scalar.as_deref(), &ast.generics);
 
     proc_macro_error::abort_if_dirty();
@@ -83,7 +77,7 @@ pub fn expand(input: TokenStream) -> syn::Result<TokenStream> {
         ident: ast.ident,
         generics: ast.generics,
         name,
-        description,
+        description: attr.description.map(SpanContainer::into_inner),
         context,
         scalar,
         fields,
@@ -95,7 +89,11 @@ pub fn expand(input: TokenStream) -> syn::Result<TokenStream> {
 /// Parses a [`FieldDefinition`] from the given struct field definition.
 ///
 /// Returns [`None`] if the parsing fails.
-fn parse_field(f: &syn::Field, renaming: RenameRule, is_internal: bool) -> Option<FieldDefinition> {
+fn parse_field(
+    f: &syn::Field,
+    renaming: rename::Policy,
+    is_internal: bool,
+) -> Option<FieldDefinition> {
     let field_attr = FieldAttr::from_attrs("graphql", &f.attrs)
         .map_err(|e| proc_macro_error::emit_error!(e))
         .ok()?;
@@ -113,17 +111,12 @@ fn parse_field(f: &syn::Field, renaming: RenameRule, is_internal: bool) -> Optio
         ERR.no_double_underscore(f.span());
     }
 
-    let default = field_attr.default.map(SpanContainer::into_inner);
-    let description = field_attr
-        .description
-        .map(|d| d.into_inner().into_boxed_str());
-
     Some(FieldDefinition {
         ident: ident.clone(),
         ty: f.ty.clone(),
-        default,
+        default: field_attr.default.map(SpanContainer::into_inner),
         name,
-        description,
+        description: field_attr.description.map(SpanContainer::into_inner),
         ignored: field_attr.ignore.is_some(),
     })
 }
diff --git a/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_input_object/mod.rs b/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_input_object/mod.rs
index ecb0aaa8..6e0f18ae 100644
--- a/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_input_object/mod.rs
+++ b/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_input_object/mod.rs
@@ -16,16 +16,13 @@ use syn::{
     token,
 };
 
-use crate::{
-    common::{
-        default,
-        parse::{
-            attr::{err, OptionExt as _},
-            ParseBufferExt as _,
-        },
-        scalar,
+use crate::common::{
+    default, filter_attrs,
+    parse::{
+        attr::{err, OptionExt as _},
+        ParseBufferExt as _,
     },
-    util::{filter_attrs, get_doc_comment, span_container::SpanContainer, RenameRule},
+    rename, scalar, Description, SpanContainer,
 };
 
 /// Available arguments behind `#[graphql]` attribute placed on a Rust struct
@@ -48,7 +45,7 @@ struct ContainerAttr {
     ///
     /// [0]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Input-Objects
     /// [2]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Descriptions
-    description: Option<SpanContainer<String>>,
+    description: Option<SpanContainer<Description>>,
 
     /// Explicitly specified type of [`Context`] to use for resolving this
     /// [GraphQL input object][0] type with.
@@ -71,14 +68,14 @@ struct ContainerAttr {
     /// [0]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Input-Objects
     scalar: Option<SpanContainer<scalar::AttrValue>>,
 
-    /// Explicitly specified [`RenameRule`] for all fields of this
+    /// Explicitly specified [`rename::Policy`] for all fields of this
     /// [GraphQL input object][0].
     ///
-    /// If [`None`], then the [`RenameRule::CamelCase`] rule will be
-    /// applied by default.
+    /// If [`None`], then the [`rename::Policy::CamelCase`] will be applied by
+    /// default.
     ///
     /// [0]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Input-Objects
-    rename_fields: Option<SpanContainer<RenameRule>>,
+    rename_fields: Option<SpanContainer<rename::Policy>>,
 
     /// Indicator whether the generated code is intended to be used only inside
     /// the [`juniper`] library.
@@ -104,13 +101,9 @@ impl Parse for ContainerAttr {
                 }
                 "desc" | "description" => {
                     input.parse::<token::Eq>()?;
-                    let desc = input.parse::<syn::LitStr>()?;
+                    let desc = input.parse::<Description>()?;
                     out.description
-                        .replace(SpanContainer::new(
-                            ident.span(),
-                            Some(desc.span()),
-                            desc.value(),
-                        ))
+                        .replace(SpanContainer::new(ident.span(), Some(desc.span()), desc))
                         .none_or_else(|_| err::dup_arg(&ident))?
                 }
                 "ctx" | "context" | "Context" => {
@@ -173,7 +166,7 @@ impl ContainerAttr {
             .try_fold(Self::default(), |prev, curr| prev.try_merge(curr?))?;
 
         if attr.description.is_none() {
-            attr.description = get_doc_comment(attrs);
+            attr.description = Description::parse_from_doc_attrs(attrs)?;
         }
 
         Ok(attr)
@@ -212,7 +205,7 @@ struct FieldAttr {
     ///
     /// [1]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#InputValueDefinition
     /// [2]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Descriptions
-    description: Option<SpanContainer<String>>,
+    description: Option<SpanContainer<Description>>,
 
     /// Explicitly specified marker for the Rust struct field to be ignored and
     /// not included into the code generated for a [GraphQL input object][0]
@@ -251,13 +244,9 @@ impl Parse for FieldAttr {
                 }
                 "desc" | "description" => {
                     input.parse::<token::Eq>()?;
-                    let desc = input.parse::<syn::LitStr>()?;
+                    let desc = input.parse::<Description>()?;
                     out.description
-                        .replace(SpanContainer::new(
-                            ident.span(),
-                            Some(desc.span()),
-                            desc.value(),
-                        ))
+                        .replace(SpanContainer::new(ident.span(), Some(desc.span()), desc))
                         .none_or_else(|_| err::dup_arg(&ident))?
                 }
                 "ignore" | "skip" => out
@@ -294,7 +283,7 @@ impl FieldAttr {
             .try_fold(Self::default(), |prev, curr| prev.try_merge(curr?))?;
 
         if attr.description.is_none() {
-            attr.description = get_doc_comment(attrs);
+            attr.description = Description::parse_from_doc_attrs(attrs)?;
         }
 
         Ok(attr)
@@ -337,7 +326,7 @@ struct FieldDefinition {
     ///
     /// [1]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#InputValueDefinition
     /// [2]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Descriptions
-    description: Option<Box<str>>,
+    description: Option<Description>,
 
     /// Indicator whether the Rust struct field behinds this
     /// [GraphQL input object field][1] is being ignored and should not be
@@ -378,7 +367,7 @@ struct Definition {
     ///
     /// [0]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Input-Objects
     /// [2]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Descriptions
-    description: Option<Box<str>>,
+    description: Option<Description>,
 
     /// Rust type of [`Context`] to generate [`GraphQLType`] implementation with
     /// for this [GraphQL input object][0].
@@ -468,10 +457,7 @@ impl Definition {
         let (impl_generics, _, where_clause) = generics.split_for_impl();
         let (_, ty_generics, _) = self.generics.split_for_impl();
 
-        let description = self
-            .description
-            .as_ref()
-            .map(|desc| quote! { .description(#desc) });
+        let description = &self.description;
 
         let fields = self.fields.iter().filter_map(|f| {
             let ty = &f.ty;
@@ -483,10 +469,7 @@ impl Definition {
                 } else {
                     quote! { .arg::<#ty>(#name, info) }
                 };
-                let description = f
-                    .description
-                    .as_ref()
-                    .map(|desc| quote! { .description(#desc) });
+                let description = &f.description;
 
                 quote! { registry#arg#description }
             })
diff --git a/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_interface/attr.rs b/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_interface/attr.rs
index e53c99dd..e1d1f44d 100644
--- a/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_interface/attr.rs
+++ b/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_interface/attr.rs
@@ -6,20 +6,16 @@ use proc_macro2::{Span, TokenStream};
 use quote::quote;
 use syn::{ext::IdentExt as _, parse_quote, spanned::Spanned};
 
-use crate::{
-    common::{
-        field,
-        parse::{self, TypeExt as _},
-        scalar,
-    },
-    result::GraphQLScope,
-    util::{path_eq_single, span_container::SpanContainer, RenameRule},
+use crate::common::{
+    diagnostic, field,
+    parse::{self, TypeExt as _},
+    path_eq_single, rename, scalar, SpanContainer,
 };
 
 use super::{enum_idents, Attr, Definition};
 
-/// [`GraphQLScope`] of errors for `#[graphql_interface]` macro.
-const ERR: GraphQLScope = GraphQLScope::InterfaceAttr;
+/// [`diagnostic::Scope`] of errors for `#[graphql_interface]` macro.
+const ERR: diagnostic::Scope = diagnostic::Scope::InterfaceAttr;
 
 /// Expands `#[graphql_interface]` macro into generated code.
 pub fn expand(attr_args: TokenStream, body: TokenStream) -> syn::Result<TokenStream> {
@@ -74,7 +70,7 @@ fn expand_on_trait(
         .rename_fields
         .as_deref()
         .copied()
-        .unwrap_or(RenameRule::CamelCase);
+        .unwrap_or(rename::Policy::CamelCase);
 
     let fields = ast
         .items
@@ -121,7 +117,7 @@ fn expand_on_trait(
         enum_ident,
         enum_alias_ident,
         name,
-        description: attr.description.map(|d| d.into_inner().into_boxed_str()),
+        description: attr.description.map(SpanContainer::into_inner),
         context,
         scalar,
         fields,
@@ -151,7 +147,7 @@ fn expand_on_trait(
 #[must_use]
 fn parse_trait_method(
     method: &mut syn::TraitItemMethod,
-    renaming: &RenameRule,
+    renaming: &rename::Policy,
 ) -> Option<field::Definition> {
     let method_ident = &method.sig.ident;
     let method_attrs = method.attrs.clone();
@@ -205,17 +201,11 @@ fn parse_trait_method(
     };
     ty.lifetimes_anonymized();
 
-    let description = attr.description.as_ref().map(|d| d.as_ref().value());
-    let deprecated = attr
-        .deprecated
-        .as_deref()
-        .map(|d| d.as_ref().map(syn::LitStr::value));
-
     Some(field::Definition {
         name,
         ty,
-        description,
-        deprecated,
+        description: attr.description.map(SpanContainer::into_inner),
+        deprecated: attr.deprecated.map(SpanContainer::into_inner),
         ident: method_ident.clone(),
         arguments: Some(arguments),
         has_receiver: method.sig.receiver().is_some(),
@@ -267,7 +257,7 @@ fn expand_on_derive_input(
         .rename_fields
         .as_deref()
         .copied()
-        .unwrap_or(RenameRule::CamelCase);
+        .unwrap_or(rename::Policy::CamelCase);
 
     let fields = data
         .fields
@@ -308,7 +298,7 @@ fn expand_on_derive_input(
         enum_ident,
         enum_alias_ident,
         name,
-        description: attr.description.map(|d| d.into_inner().into_boxed_str()),
+        description: attr.description.map(SpanContainer::into_inner),
         context,
         scalar,
         fields,
@@ -337,7 +327,10 @@ fn expand_on_derive_input(
 ///
 /// Returns [`None`] if the parsing fails, or the struct field is ignored.
 #[must_use]
-fn parse_struct_field(field: &mut syn::Field, renaming: &RenameRule) -> Option<field::Definition> {
+fn parse_struct_field(
+    field: &mut syn::Field,
+    renaming: &rename::Policy,
+) -> Option<field::Definition> {
     let field_ident = field.ident.as_ref().or_else(|| err_unnamed_field(&field))?;
     let field_attrs = field.attrs.clone();
 
@@ -373,17 +366,11 @@ fn parse_struct_field(field: &mut syn::Field, renaming: &RenameRule) -> Option<f
     let mut ty = field.ty.clone();
     ty.lifetimes_anonymized();
 
-    let description = attr.description.as_ref().map(|d| d.as_ref().value());
-    let deprecated = attr
-        .deprecated
-        .as_deref()
-        .map(|d| d.as_ref().map(syn::LitStr::value));
-
     Some(field::Definition {
         name,
         ty,
-        description,
-        deprecated,
+        description: attr.description.map(SpanContainer::into_inner),
+        deprecated: attr.deprecated.map(SpanContainer::into_inner),
         ident: field_ident.clone(),
         arguments: None,
         has_receiver: false,
diff --git a/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_interface/derive.rs b/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_interface/derive.rs
index 949a1842..09d1851d 100644
--- a/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_interface/derive.rs
+++ b/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_interface/derive.rs
@@ -4,16 +4,12 @@ use proc_macro2::TokenStream;
 use quote::ToTokens as _;
 use syn::{ext::IdentExt as _, parse_quote, spanned::Spanned};
 
-use crate::{
-    common::{field, parse::TypeExt as _, scalar},
-    result::GraphQLScope,
-    util::{span_container::SpanContainer, RenameRule},
-};
+use crate::common::{diagnostic, field, parse::TypeExt as _, rename, scalar, SpanContainer};
 
 use super::{attr::err_unnamed_field, enum_idents, Attr, Definition};
 
-/// [`GraphQLScope`] of errors for `#[derive(GraphQLInterface)]` macro.
-const ERR: GraphQLScope = GraphQLScope::InterfaceDerive;
+/// [`diagnostic::Scope`] of errors for `#[derive(GraphQLInterface)]` macro.
+const ERR: diagnostic::Scope = diagnostic::Scope::InterfaceDerive;
 
 /// Expands `#[derive(GraphQLInterface)]` macro into generated code.
 pub fn expand(input: TokenStream) -> syn::Result<TokenStream> {
@@ -52,7 +48,7 @@ pub fn expand(input: TokenStream) -> syn::Result<TokenStream> {
         .rename_fields
         .as_deref()
         .copied()
-        .unwrap_or(RenameRule::CamelCase);
+        .unwrap_or(rename::Policy::CamelCase);
 
     let fields = data
         .fields
@@ -94,7 +90,7 @@ pub fn expand(input: TokenStream) -> syn::Result<TokenStream> {
         enum_ident,
         enum_alias_ident,
         name,
-        description: attr.description.map(|d| d.into_inner().into_boxed_str()),
+        description: attr.description.map(SpanContainer::into_inner),
         context,
         scalar,
         fields,
@@ -118,7 +114,7 @@ pub fn expand(input: TokenStream) -> syn::Result<TokenStream> {
 ///
 /// Returns [`None`] if the parsing fails, or the struct field is ignored.
 #[must_use]
-fn parse_field(field: &syn::Field, renaming: &RenameRule) -> Option<field::Definition> {
+fn parse_field(field: &syn::Field, renaming: &rename::Policy) -> Option<field::Definition> {
     let field_ident = field.ident.as_ref().or_else(|| err_unnamed_field(&field))?;
 
     let attr = field::Attr::from_attrs("graphql", &field.attrs)
@@ -147,17 +143,11 @@ fn parse_field(field: &syn::Field, renaming: &RenameRule) -> Option<field::Defin
     let mut ty = field.ty.clone();
     ty.lifetimes_anonymized();
 
-    let description = attr.description.as_ref().map(|d| d.as_ref().value());
-    let deprecated = attr
-        .deprecated
-        .as_deref()
-        .map(|d| d.as_ref().map(syn::LitStr::value));
-
     Some(field::Definition {
         name,
         ty,
-        description,
-        deprecated,
+        description: attr.description.map(SpanContainer::into_inner),
+        deprecated: attr.deprecated.map(SpanContainer::into_inner),
         ident: field_ident.clone(),
         arguments: None,
         has_receiver: false,
diff --git a/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_interface/mod.rs b/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_interface/mod.rs
index f8d98351..885dc9eb 100644
--- a/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_interface/mod.rs
+++ b/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_interface/mod.rs
@@ -19,16 +19,13 @@ use syn::{
     visit::Visit,
 };
 
-use crate::{
-    common::{
-        field, gen,
-        parse::{
-            attr::{err, OptionExt as _},
-            GenericsExt as _, ParseBufferExt as _,
-        },
-        scalar,
+use crate::common::{
+    field, filter_attrs, gen,
+    parse::{
+        attr::{err, OptionExt as _},
+        GenericsExt as _, ParseBufferExt as _,
     },
-    util::{filter_attrs, get_doc_comment, span_container::SpanContainer, RenameRule},
+    rename, scalar, Description, SpanContainer,
 };
 
 /// Returns [`syn::Ident`]s for a generic enum deriving [`Clone`] and [`Copy`]
@@ -71,7 +68,7 @@ struct Attr {
     ///
     /// [1]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Interfaces
     /// [2]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Descriptions
-    description: Option<SpanContainer<String>>,
+    description: Option<SpanContainer<Description>>,
 
     /// Explicitly specified identifier of the type alias of Rust enum type
     /// behind the trait or struct, being an actual implementation of a
@@ -126,13 +123,14 @@ struct Attr {
     /// it contains async methods.
     asyncness: Option<SpanContainer<syn::Ident>>,
 
-    /// Explicitly specified [`RenameRule`] for all fields of this
+    /// Explicitly specified [`rename::Policy`] for all fields of this
     /// [GraphQL interface][1] type.
     ///
-    /// If [`None`] then the default rule will be [`RenameRule::CamelCase`].
+    /// If [`None`], then the [`rename::Policy::CamelCase`] will be applied by
+    /// default.
     ///
     /// [1]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Interfaces
-    rename_fields: Option<SpanContainer<RenameRule>>,
+    rename_fields: Option<SpanContainer<rename::Policy>>,
 
     /// Indicator whether the generated code is intended to be used only inside
     /// the [`juniper`] library.
@@ -158,13 +156,9 @@ impl Parse for Attr {
                 }
                 "desc" | "description" => {
                     input.parse::<token::Eq>()?;
-                    let desc = input.parse::<syn::LitStr>()?;
+                    let desc = input.parse::<Description>()?;
                     out.description
-                        .replace(SpanContainer::new(
-                            ident.span(),
-                            Some(desc.span()),
-                            desc.value(),
-                        ))
+                        .replace(SpanContainer::new(ident.span(), Some(desc.span()), desc))
                         .none_or_else(|_| err::dup_arg(&ident))?
                 }
                 "ctx" | "context" | "Context" => {
@@ -268,7 +262,7 @@ impl Attr {
             .try_fold(Self::default(), |prev, curr| prev.try_merge(curr?))?;
 
         if attr.description.is_none() {
-            attr.description = get_doc_comment(attrs);
+            attr.description = Description::parse_from_doc_attrs(attrs)?;
         }
 
         Ok(attr)
@@ -312,7 +306,7 @@ struct Definition {
     /// Description of this [GraphQL interface][0] to put into GraphQL schema.
     ///
     /// [0]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Interfaces
-    description: Option<Box<str>>,
+    description: Option<Description>,
 
     /// Rust type of [`Context`] to generate [`GraphQLType`] implementation with
     /// for this [GraphQL interface][1].
@@ -690,10 +684,7 @@ impl Definition {
         let (_, ty_generics, _) = self.generics.split_for_impl();
 
         let name = &self.name;
-        let description = self
-            .description
-            .as_ref()
-            .map(|desc| quote! { .description(#desc) });
+        let description = &self.description;
 
         // Sorting is required to preserve/guarantee the order of implementers registered in schema.
         let mut implemented_for = self.implemented_for.clone();
diff --git a/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_object/attr.rs b/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_object/attr.rs
index 34a70c21..0c4c7c05 100644
--- a/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_object/attr.rs
+++ b/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_object/attr.rs
@@ -6,20 +6,16 @@ use proc_macro2::{Span, TokenStream};
 use quote::{quote, ToTokens};
 use syn::{ext::IdentExt as _, parse_quote, spanned::Spanned};
 
-use crate::{
-    common::{
-        field,
-        parse::{self, TypeExt as _},
-        scalar,
-    },
-    result::GraphQLScope,
-    util::{path_eq_single, span_container::SpanContainer, RenameRule},
+use crate::common::{
+    diagnostic, field,
+    parse::{self, TypeExt as _},
+    path_eq_single, rename, scalar, SpanContainer,
 };
 
 use super::{Attr, Definition, Query};
 
-/// [`GraphQLScope`] of errors for `#[graphql_object]` macro.
-const ERR: GraphQLScope = GraphQLScope::ObjectAttr;
+/// [`diagnostic::Scope`] of errors for `#[graphql_object]` macro.
+const ERR: diagnostic::Scope = diagnostic::Scope::ObjectAttr;
 
 /// Expands `#[graphql_object]` macro into generated code.
 pub fn expand(attr_args: TokenStream, body: TokenStream) -> syn::Result<TokenStream> {
@@ -73,7 +69,7 @@ where
         .rename_fields
         .as_deref()
         .copied()
-        .unwrap_or(RenameRule::CamelCase);
+        .unwrap_or(rename::Policy::CamelCase);
 
     let async_only = TypeId::of::<Operation>() != TypeId::of::<Query>();
     let fields: Vec<_> = ast
@@ -143,7 +139,7 @@ where
 fn parse_field(
     method: &mut syn::ImplItemMethod,
     async_only: bool,
-    renaming: &RenameRule,
+    renaming: &rename::Policy,
 ) -> Option<field::Definition> {
     let method_attrs = method.attrs.clone();
 
@@ -216,17 +212,11 @@ fn parse_field(
     };
     ty.lifetimes_anonymized();
 
-    let description = attr.description.as_ref().map(|d| d.as_ref().value());
-    let deprecated = attr
-        .deprecated
-        .as_deref()
-        .map(|d| d.as_ref().map(syn::LitStr::value));
-
     Some(field::Definition {
         name,
         ty,
-        description,
-        deprecated,
+        description: attr.description.map(SpanContainer::into_inner),
+        deprecated: attr.deprecated.map(SpanContainer::into_inner),
         ident: method_ident.clone(),
         arguments: Some(arguments),
         has_receiver: method.sig.receiver().is_some(),
diff --git a/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_object/derive.rs b/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_object/derive.rs
index 7cbe961b..f4e75b4e 100644
--- a/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_object/derive.rs
+++ b/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_object/derive.rs
@@ -7,16 +7,12 @@ use proc_macro_error::ResultExt as _;
 use quote::ToTokens;
 use syn::{ext::IdentExt as _, parse_quote, spanned::Spanned as _};
 
-use crate::{
-    common::{field, parse::TypeExt as _, scalar},
-    result::GraphQLScope,
-    util::{span_container::SpanContainer, RenameRule},
-};
+use crate::common::{diagnostic, field, parse::TypeExt as _, rename, scalar, SpanContainer};
 
 use super::{Attr, Definition, Query};
 
-/// [`GraphQLScope`] of errors for `#[derive(GraphQLObject)]` macro.
-const ERR: GraphQLScope = GraphQLScope::ObjectDerive;
+/// [`diagnostic::Scope`] of errors for `#[derive(GraphQLObject)]` macro.
+const ERR: diagnostic::Scope = diagnostic::Scope::ObjectDerive;
 
 /// Expands `#[derive(GraphQLObject)]` macro into generated code.
 pub fn expand(input: TokenStream) -> syn::Result<TokenStream> {
@@ -62,7 +58,7 @@ fn expand_struct(ast: syn::DeriveInput) -> syn::Result<Definition<Query>> {
         .rename_fields
         .as_deref()
         .copied()
-        .unwrap_or(RenameRule::CamelCase);
+        .unwrap_or(rename::Policy::CamelCase);
 
     let mut fields = vec![];
     if let syn::Data::Struct(data) = &ast.data {
@@ -112,7 +108,7 @@ fn expand_struct(ast: syn::DeriveInput) -> syn::Result<Definition<Query>> {
 ///
 /// Returns [`None`] if parsing fails, or the struct field is ignored.
 #[must_use]
-fn parse_field(field: &syn::Field, renaming: &RenameRule) -> Option<field::Definition> {
+fn parse_field(field: &syn::Field, renaming: &rename::Policy) -> Option<field::Definition> {
     let attr = field::Attr::from_attrs("graphql", &field.attrs)
         .map_err(|e| proc_macro_error::emit_error!(e))
         .ok()?;
@@ -141,17 +137,11 @@ fn parse_field(field: &syn::Field, renaming: &RenameRule) -> Option<field::Defin
     let mut ty = field.ty.unparenthesized().clone();
     ty.lifetimes_anonymized();
 
-    let description = attr.description.as_ref().map(|d| d.as_ref().value());
-    let deprecated = attr
-        .deprecated
-        .as_deref()
-        .map(|d| d.as_ref().map(syn::LitStr::value));
-
     Some(field::Definition {
         name,
         ty,
-        description,
-        deprecated,
+        description: attr.description.map(SpanContainer::into_inner),
+        deprecated: attr.deprecated.map(SpanContainer::into_inner),
         ident: field_ident.clone(),
         arguments: None,
         has_receiver: false,
diff --git a/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_object/mod.rs b/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_object/mod.rs
index 4f20df2a..df4d3a32 100644
--- a/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_object/mod.rs
+++ b/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_object/mod.rs
@@ -10,24 +10,21 @@ use std::{any::TypeId, collections::HashSet, convert::TryInto as _, marker::Phan
 use proc_macro2::TokenStream;
 use quote::{format_ident, quote, ToTokens};
 use syn::{
+    ext::IdentExt as _,
     parse::{Parse, ParseStream},
     parse_quote,
     spanned::Spanned as _,
     token,
 };
 
-use crate::{
-    common::{
-        field, gen,
-        parse::{
-            attr::{err, OptionExt as _},
-            GenericsExt as _, ParseBufferExt as _, TypeExt,
-        },
-        scalar,
+use crate::common::{
+    field, filter_attrs, gen,
+    parse::{
+        attr::{err, OptionExt as _},
+        GenericsExt as _, ParseBufferExt as _, TypeExt,
     },
-    util::{filter_attrs, get_doc_comment, span_container::SpanContainer, RenameRule},
+    rename, scalar, Description, SpanContainer,
 };
-use syn::ext::IdentExt;
 
 /// Available arguments behind `#[graphql]` (or `#[graphql_object]`) attribute
 /// when generating code for [GraphQL object][1] type.
@@ -49,7 +46,7 @@ pub(crate) struct Attr {
     ///
     /// [1]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Objects
     /// [2]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Descriptions
-    pub(crate) description: Option<SpanContainer<String>>,
+    pub(crate) description: Option<SpanContainer<Description>>,
 
     /// Explicitly specified type of [`Context`] to use for resolving this
     /// [GraphQL object][1] type with.
@@ -81,13 +78,14 @@ pub(crate) struct Attr {
     /// [2]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Interfaces
     pub(crate) interfaces: HashSet<SpanContainer<syn::Type>>,
 
-    /// Explicitly specified [`RenameRule`] for all fields of this
+    /// Explicitly specified [`rename::Policy`] for all fields of this
     /// [GraphQL object][1] type.
     ///
-    /// If [`None`] then the default rule will be [`RenameRule::CamelCase`].
+    /// If [`None`], then the [`rename::Policy::CamelCase`] will be applied by
+    /// default.
     ///
     /// [1]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Objects
-    pub(crate) rename_fields: Option<SpanContainer<RenameRule>>,
+    pub(crate) rename_fields: Option<SpanContainer<rename::Policy>>,
 
     /// Indicator whether the generated code is intended to be used only inside
     /// the [`juniper`] library.
@@ -113,13 +111,9 @@ impl Parse for Attr {
                 }
                 "desc" | "description" => {
                     input.parse::<token::Eq>()?;
-                    let desc = input.parse::<syn::LitStr>()?;
+                    let desc = input.parse::<Description>()?;
                     out.description
-                        .replace(SpanContainer::new(
-                            ident.span(),
-                            Some(desc.span()),
-                            desc.value(),
-                        ))
+                        .replace(SpanContainer::new(ident.span(), Some(desc.span()), desc))
                         .none_or_else(|_| err::dup_arg(&ident))?
                 }
                 "ctx" | "context" | "Context" => {
@@ -195,7 +189,7 @@ impl Attr {
             .try_fold(Self::default(), |prev, curr| prev.try_merge(curr?))?;
 
         if attr.description.is_none() {
-            attr.description = get_doc_comment(attrs);
+            attr.description = Description::parse_from_doc_attrs(attrs)?;
         }
 
         Ok(attr)
@@ -228,7 +222,7 @@ pub(crate) struct Definition<Operation: ?Sized> {
     /// Description of this [GraphQL object][1] to put into GraphQL schema.
     ///
     /// [1]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Objects
-    pub(crate) description: Option<String>,
+    pub(crate) description: Option<Description>,
 
     /// Rust type of [`Context`] to generate [`GraphQLType`] implementation with
     /// for this [GraphQL object][1].
@@ -437,10 +431,7 @@ impl<Operation: ?Sized + 'static> Definition<Operation> {
         let ty = &self.ty;
 
         let name = &self.name;
-        let description = self
-            .description
-            .as_ref()
-            .map(|desc| quote! { .description(#desc) });
+        let description = &self.description;
 
         let extract_stream_type = TypeId::of::<Operation>() != TypeId::of::<Query>();
         let fields_meta = self
diff --git a/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_scalar/attr.rs b/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_scalar/attr.rs
index b9ff5b58..90024820 100644
--- a/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_scalar/attr.rs
+++ b/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_scalar/attr.rs
@@ -4,15 +4,12 @@ use proc_macro2::{Span, TokenStream};
 use quote::quote;
 use syn::{parse_quote, spanned::Spanned};
 
-use crate::{
-    common::{parse, scalar},
-    graphql_scalar::TypeOrIdent,
-    GraphQLScope,
-};
+use crate::common::{diagnostic, parse, scalar, SpanContainer};
 
-use super::{derive::parse_derived_methods, Attr, Definition, Methods, ParseToken};
+use super::{derive::parse_derived_methods, Attr, Definition, Methods, ParseToken, TypeOrIdent};
 
-const ERR: GraphQLScope = GraphQLScope::ScalarAttr;
+/// [`diagnostic::Scope`] of errors for `#[graphql_scalar]` macro.
+const ERR: diagnostic::Scope = diagnostic::Scope::ScalarAttr;
 
 /// Expands `#[graphql_scalar]` macro into generated code.
 pub(crate) fn expand(attr_args: TokenStream, body: TokenStream) -> syn::Result<TokenStream> {
@@ -58,11 +55,10 @@ fn expand_on_type_alias(
         methods,
         name: attr
             .name
-            .as_deref()
-            .cloned()
+            .map(SpanContainer::into_inner)
             .unwrap_or_else(|| ast.ident.to_string()),
-        description: attr.description.as_deref().cloned(),
-        specified_by_url: attr.specified_by_url.as_deref().cloned(),
+        description: attr.description.map(SpanContainer::into_inner),
+        specified_by_url: attr.specified_by_url.map(SpanContainer::into_inner),
         scalar,
     };
 
@@ -90,11 +86,10 @@ fn expand_on_derive_input(
         methods,
         name: attr
             .name
-            .as_deref()
-            .cloned()
+            .map(SpanContainer::into_inner)
             .unwrap_or_else(|| ast.ident.to_string()),
-        description: attr.description.as_deref().cloned(),
-        specified_by_url: attr.specified_by_url.as_deref().cloned(),
+        description: attr.description.map(SpanContainer::into_inner),
+        specified_by_url: attr.specified_by_url.map(SpanContainer::into_inner),
         scalar,
     };
 
diff --git a/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_scalar/derive.rs b/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_scalar/derive.rs
index e16bcd7d..ff4f93b1 100644
--- a/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_scalar/derive.rs
+++ b/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_scalar/derive.rs
@@ -4,12 +4,12 @@ use proc_macro2::TokenStream;
 use quote::ToTokens;
 use syn::{parse_quote, spanned::Spanned};
 
-use crate::{common::scalar, result::GraphQLScope};
+use crate::common::{diagnostic, scalar, SpanContainer};
 
 use super::{Attr, Definition, Field, Methods, ParseToken, TypeOrIdent};
 
-/// [`GraphQLScope`] of errors for `#[derive(GraphQLScalar)]` macro.
-const ERR: GraphQLScope = GraphQLScope::ScalarDerive;
+/// [`diagnostic::Scope`] of errors for `#[derive(GraphQLScalar)]` macro.
+const ERR: diagnostic::Scope = diagnostic::Scope::ScalarDerive;
 
 /// Expands `#[derive(GraphQLScalar)]` macro into generated code.
 pub fn expand(input: TokenStream) -> syn::Result<TokenStream> {
@@ -27,11 +27,10 @@ pub fn expand(input: TokenStream) -> syn::Result<TokenStream> {
         methods,
         name: attr
             .name
-            .as_deref()
-            .cloned()
+            .map(SpanContainer::into_inner)
             .unwrap_or_else(|| ast.ident.to_string()),
-        description: attr.description.as_deref().cloned(),
-        specified_by_url: attr.specified_by_url.as_deref().cloned(),
+        description: attr.description.map(SpanContainer::into_inner),
+        specified_by_url: attr.specified_by_url.map(SpanContainer::into_inner),
         scalar,
     }
     .to_token_stream())
diff --git a/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_scalar/mod.rs b/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_scalar/mod.rs
index 37b78db7..d0758e75 100644
--- a/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_scalar/mod.rs
+++ b/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_scalar/mod.rs
@@ -14,15 +14,13 @@ use syn::{
 };
 use url::Url;
 
-use crate::{
-    common::{
-        parse::{
-            attr::{err, OptionExt as _},
-            ParseBufferExt as _,
-        },
-        scalar,
+use crate::common::{
+    filter_attrs,
+    parse::{
+        attr::{err, OptionExt as _},
+        ParseBufferExt as _,
     },
-    util::{filter_attrs, get_doc_comment, span_container::SpanContainer},
+    scalar, Description, SpanContainer,
 };
 
 pub mod attr;
@@ -42,7 +40,7 @@ struct Attr {
     /// Description of this [GraphQL scalar][1] to put into GraphQL schema.
     ///
     /// [1]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Scalars
-    description: Option<SpanContainer<String>>,
+    description: Option<SpanContainer<Description>>,
 
     /// Spec [`Url`] of this [GraphQL scalar][1] to put into GraphQL schema.
     ///
@@ -112,13 +110,9 @@ impl Parse for Attr {
                 }
                 "desc" | "description" => {
                     input.parse::<token::Eq>()?;
-                    let desc = input.parse::<syn::LitStr>()?;
+                    let desc = input.parse::<Description>()?;
                     out.description
-                        .replace(SpanContainer::new(
-                            ident.span(),
-                            Some(desc.span()),
-                            desc.value(),
-                        ))
+                        .replace(SpanContainer::new(ident.span(), Some(desc.span()), desc))
                         .none_or_else(|_| err::dup_arg(&ident))?
                 }
                 "specified_by_url" => {
@@ -255,7 +249,7 @@ impl Attr {
             .try_fold(Self::default(), |prev, curr| prev.try_merge(curr?))?;
 
         if attr.description.is_none() {
-            attr.description = get_doc_comment(attrs);
+            attr.description = Description::parse_from_doc_attrs(attrs)?;
         }
 
         Ok(attr)
@@ -304,7 +298,7 @@ struct Definition {
     /// Description of this [GraphQL scalar][1] to put into GraphQL schema.
     ///
     /// [1]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Scalars
-    description: Option<String>,
+    description: Option<Description>,
 
     /// Spec [`Url`] of this [GraphQL scalar][1] to put into GraphQL schema.
     ///
@@ -365,12 +359,9 @@ impl Definition {
     /// [1]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Scalars
     fn impl_type_tokens(&self) -> TokenStream {
         let scalar = &self.scalar;
-        let name = &self.name;
 
-        let description = self
-            .description
-            .as_ref()
-            .map(|val| quote! { .description(#val) });
+        let name = &self.name;
+        let description = &self.description;
         let specified_by_url = self.specified_by_url.as_ref().map(|url| {
             let url_lit = url.as_str();
             quote! { .specified_by_url(#url_lit) }
diff --git a/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_union/attr.rs b/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_union/attr.rs
index fb9c2914..733cfc99 100644
--- a/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_union/attr.rs
+++ b/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_union/attr.rs
@@ -6,19 +6,15 @@ use proc_macro2::{Span, TokenStream};
 use quote::{quote, ToTokens as _};
 use syn::{ext::IdentExt as _, parse_quote, spanned::Spanned as _};
 
-use crate::{
-    common::{parse, scalar},
-    result::GraphQLScope,
-    util::{path_eq_single, span_container::SpanContainer},
-};
+use crate::common::{diagnostic, parse, path_eq_single, scalar, SpanContainer};
 
 use super::{
     all_variants_different, emerge_union_variants_from_attr, Attr, Definition, VariantAttr,
     VariantDefinition,
 };
 
-/// [`GraphQLScope`] of errors for `#[graphql_union]` macro.
-const ERR: GraphQLScope = GraphQLScope::UnionAttr;
+/// [`diagnostic::Scope`] of errors for `#[graphql_union]` macro.
+const ERR: diagnostic::Scope = diagnostic::Scope::UnionAttr;
 
 /// Expands `#[graphql_union]` macro into generated code.
 pub fn expand(attr_args: TokenStream, body: TokenStream) -> syn::Result<TokenStream> {
diff --git a/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_union/derive.rs b/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_union/derive.rs
index de6eb495..a10be60c 100644
--- a/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_union/derive.rs
+++ b/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_union/derive.rs
@@ -5,19 +5,15 @@ use proc_macro_error::ResultExt as _;
 use quote::{quote, ToTokens};
 use syn::{ext::IdentExt as _, parse_quote, spanned::Spanned as _, Data, Fields};
 
-use crate::{
-    common::{parse::TypeExt as _, scalar},
-    result::GraphQLScope,
-    util::span_container::SpanContainer,
-};
+use crate::common::{diagnostic, parse::TypeExt as _, scalar, SpanContainer};
 
 use super::{
     all_variants_different, emerge_union_variants_from_attr, Attr, Definition, VariantAttr,
     VariantDefinition,
 };
 
-/// [`GraphQLScope`] of errors for `#[derive(GraphQLUnion)]` macro.
-const ERR: GraphQLScope = GraphQLScope::UnionDerive;
+/// [`diagnostic::Scope`] of errors for `#[derive(GraphQLUnion)]` macro.
+const ERR: diagnostic::Scope = diagnostic::Scope::UnionDerive;
 
 /// Expands `#[derive(GraphQLUnion)]` macro into generated code.
 pub fn expand(input: TokenStream) -> syn::Result<TokenStream> {
diff --git a/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_union/mod.rs b/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_union/mod.rs
index 34984ee8..e49f0fbf 100644
--- a/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_union/mod.rs
+++ b/juniper_codegen/src/graphql_union/mod.rs
@@ -17,16 +17,13 @@ use syn::{
     token,
 };
 
-use crate::{
-    common::{
-        gen,
-        parse::{
-            attr::{err, OptionExt as _},
-            ParseBufferExt as _,
-        },
-        scalar,
+use crate::common::{
+    filter_attrs, gen,
+    parse::{
+        attr::{err, OptionExt as _},
+        ParseBufferExt as _,
     },
-    util::{filter_attrs, get_doc_comment, span_container::SpanContainer},
+    scalar, Description, SpanContainer,
 };
 
 /// Helper alias for the type of [`Attr::external_resolvers`] field.
@@ -52,7 +49,7 @@ struct Attr {
     ///
     /// [1]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Unions
     /// [2]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Descriptions
-    description: Option<SpanContainer<String>>,
+    description: Option<SpanContainer<Description>>,
 
     /// Explicitly specified type of [`Context`] to use for resolving this
     /// [GraphQL union][1] type with.
@@ -112,13 +109,9 @@ impl Parse for Attr {
                 }
                 "desc" | "description" => {
                     input.parse::<token::Eq>()?;
-                    let desc = input.parse::<syn::LitStr>()?;
+                    let desc = input.parse::<Description>()?;
                     out.description
-                        .replace(SpanContainer::new(
-                            ident.span(),
-                            Some(desc.span()),
-                            desc.value(),
-                        ))
+                        .replace(SpanContainer::new(ident.span(), Some(desc.span()), desc))
                         .none_or_else(|_| err::dup_arg(&ident))?
                 }
                 "ctx" | "context" | "Context" => {
@@ -182,7 +175,7 @@ impl Attr {
             .try_fold(Self::default(), |prev, curr| prev.try_merge(curr?))?;
 
         if meta.description.is_none() {
-            meta.description = get_doc_comment(attrs);
+            meta.description = Description::parse_from_doc_attrs(attrs)?;
         }
 
         Ok(meta)
@@ -284,7 +277,7 @@ struct Definition {
     /// Description of this [GraphQL union][1] to put into GraphQL schema.
     ///
     /// [1]: https://spec.graphql.org/October2021#sec-Unions
-    description: Option<String>,
+    description: Option<Description>,
 
     /// Rust type of [`Context`] to generate [`GraphQLType`] implementation with
     /// for this [GraphQL union][1].
@@ -471,10 +464,7 @@ impl Definition {
         let (impl_generics, ty_full, where_clause) = self.impl_generics(false);
 
         let name = &self.name;
-        let description = self
-            .description
-            .as_ref()
-            .map(|desc| quote! { .description(#desc) });
+        let description = &self.description;
 
         let variant_tys = self.variants.iter().map(|var| &var.ty);
 
diff --git a/juniper_codegen/src/lib.rs b/juniper_codegen/src/lib.rs
index 19275174..d77a21b5 100644
--- a/juniper_codegen/src/lib.rs
+++ b/juniper_codegen/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,6 @@
 #![doc = include_str!("../README.md")]
 #![recursion_limit = "1024"]
 
-mod result;
-mod util;
-
 // NOTICE: Unfortunately this macro MUST be defined here, in the crate's root module, because Rust
 //         doesn't allow to export `macro_rules!` macros from a `proc-macro` crate type currently,
 //         and so we cannot move the definition into a sub-module and use the `#[macro_export]`
@@ -16,8 +13,8 @@ mod util;
 /// By default, [`SpanContainer::span_ident`] is used.
 ///
 /// [`Span`]: proc_macro2::Span
-/// [`SpanContainer`]: crate::util::span_container::SpanContainer
-/// [`SpanContainer::span_ident`]: crate::util::span_container::SpanContainer::span_ident
+/// [`SpanContainer`]: crate::common::SpanContainer
+/// [`SpanContainer::span_ident`]: crate::common::SpanContainer::span_ident
 macro_rules! try_merge_opt {
     ($field:ident: $self:ident, $another:ident => $span:ident) => {{
         if let Some(v) = $self.$field {
@@ -47,8 +44,8 @@ macro_rules! try_merge_opt {
 ///
 /// [`HashMap`]: std::collections::HashMap
 /// [`Span`]: proc_macro2::Span
-/// [`SpanContainer`]: crate::util::span_container::SpanContainer
-/// [`SpanContainer::span_ident`]: crate::util::span_container::SpanContainer::span_ident
+/// [`SpanContainer`]: crate::common::SpanContainer
+/// [`SpanContainer::span_ident`]: crate::common::SpanContainer::span_ident
 macro_rules! try_merge_hashmap {
     ($field:ident: $self:ident, $another:ident => $span:ident) => {{
         if !$self.$field.is_empty() {
@@ -80,8 +77,8 @@ macro_rules! try_merge_hashmap {
 ///
 /// [`HashSet`]: std::collections::HashSet
 /// [`Span`]: proc_macro2::Span
-/// [`SpanContainer`]: crate::util::span_container::SpanContainer
-/// [`SpanContainer::span_ident`]: crate::util::span_container::SpanContainer::span_ident
+/// [`SpanContainer`]: crate::common::SpanContainer
+/// [`SpanContainer::span_ident`]: crate::common::SpanContainer::span_ident
 macro_rules! try_merge_hashset {
     ($field:ident: $self:ident, $another:ident => $span:ident) => {{
         if !$self.$field.is_empty() {
@@ -112,7 +109,6 @@ mod scalar_value;
 
 use proc_macro::TokenStream;
 use proc_macro_error::{proc_macro_error, ResultExt as _};
-use result::GraphQLScope;
 
 /// `#[derive(GraphQLInputObject)]` macro for deriving a
 /// [GraphQL input object][0] implementation for a Rust struct. Each
@@ -257,6 +253,8 @@ pub fn derive_input_object(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
 /// attribute's argument, or with regular a Rust `#[deprecated]` attribute.
 ///
 /// ```rust
+/// # #![allow(deprecated)]
+/// #
 /// # use juniper::GraphQLEnum;
 /// #
 /// #[derive(GraphQLEnum)]
diff --git a/juniper_codegen/src/scalar_value/mod.rs b/juniper_codegen/src/scalar_value/mod.rs
index 023ba148..fe9aa6de 100644
--- a/juniper_codegen/src/scalar_value/mod.rs
+++ b/juniper_codegen/src/scalar_value/mod.rs
@@ -12,14 +12,14 @@ use syn::{
     visit::Visit,
 };
 
-use crate::{
-    common::parse::{attr::err, ParseBufferExt as _},
-    util::{filter_attrs, span_container::SpanContainer},
-    GraphQLScope,
+use crate::common::{
+    diagnostic, filter_attrs,
+    parse::{attr::err, ParseBufferExt as _},
+    SpanContainer,
 };
 
-/// [`GraphQLScope`] of errors for `#[derive(ScalarValue)]` macro.
-const ERR: GraphQLScope = GraphQLScope::ScalarValueDerive;
+/// [`diagnostic::Scope`] of errors for `#[derive(ScalarValue)]` macro.
+const ERR: diagnostic::Scope = diagnostic::Scope::ScalarValueDerive;
 
 /// Expands `#[derive(ScalarValue)]` macro into generated code.
 pub fn expand_derive(input: TokenStream) -> syn::Result<TokenStream> {
diff --git a/juniper_codegen/src/util/mod.rs b/juniper_codegen/src/util/mod.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 7edc1f44..00000000
--- a/juniper_codegen/src/util/mod.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,431 +0,0 @@
-#![allow(clippy::single_match)]
-
-pub mod span_container;
-
-use std::{convert::TryFrom, str::FromStr};
-
-use proc_macro_error::abort;
-use span_container::SpanContainer;
-use syn::{
-    parse::{Parse, ParseStream},
-    spanned::Spanned,
-    Attribute, Lit, Meta, MetaList, MetaNameValue, NestedMeta,
-};
-
-/// Compares a path to a one-segment string value,
-/// return true if equal.
-pub fn path_eq_single(path: &syn::Path, value: &str) -> bool {
-    path.segments.len() == 1 && path.segments[0].ident == value
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct DeprecationAttr {
-    pub reason: Option<String>,
-}
-
-/// Filters given `attrs` to contain attributes only with the given `name`.
-pub fn filter_attrs<'a>(
-    name: &'a str,
-    attrs: &'a [Attribute],
-) -> impl Iterator<Item = &'a Attribute> + 'a {
-    attrs
-        .iter()
-        .filter(move |attr| path_eq_single(&attr.path, name))
-}
-
-pub fn get_deprecated(attrs: &[Attribute]) -> Option<SpanContainer<DeprecationAttr>> {
-    attrs
-        .iter()
-        .filter_map(|attr| match attr.parse_meta() {
-            Ok(Meta::List(ref list)) if list.path.is_ident("deprecated") => {
-                let val = get_deprecated_meta_list(list);
-                Some(SpanContainer::new(list.path.span(), None, val))
-            }
-            Ok(Meta::Path(ref path)) if path.is_ident("deprecated") => Some(SpanContainer::new(
-                path.span(),
-                None,
-                DeprecationAttr { reason: None },
-            )),
-            _ => None,
-        })
-        .next()
-}
-
-fn get_deprecated_meta_list(list: &MetaList) -> DeprecationAttr {
-    for meta in &list.nested {
-        if let NestedMeta::Meta(Meta::NameValue(ref nv)) = *meta {
-            if nv.path.is_ident("note") {
-                match nv.lit {
-                    Lit::Str(ref strlit) => {
-                        return DeprecationAttr {
-                            reason: Some(strlit.value()),
-                        };
-                    }
-                    _ => abort!(syn::Error::new(
-                        nv.lit.span(),
-                        "only strings are allowed for deprecation",
-                    )),
-                }
-            } else {
-                abort!(syn::Error::new(
-                    nv.path.span(),
-                    "unrecognized setting on #[deprecated(..)] attribute",
-                ));
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    DeprecationAttr { reason: None }
-}
-
-// Gets doc comment.
-pub fn get_doc_comment(attrs: &[Attribute]) -> Option<SpanContainer<String>> {
-    if let Some(items) = get_doc_attr(attrs) {
-        if let Some(doc_strings) = get_doc_strings(&items) {
-            return Some(doc_strings.map(|strings| join_doc_strings(&strings)));
-        }
-    }
-    None
-}
-
-// Concatenates doc strings into one string.
-fn join_doc_strings(docs: &[String]) -> String {
-    // Note: this is guaranteed since this function is only called
-    // from get_doc_strings().
-    debug_assert!(!docs.is_empty());
-
-    let last_index = docs.len() - 1;
-    docs.iter()
-        .map(|s| s.as_str().trim_end())
-        // Trim leading space.
-        .map(|s| s.strip_prefix(' ').unwrap_or(s))
-        // Add newline, exept when string ends in a continuation backslash or is the last line.
-        .enumerate()
-        .fold(String::new(), |mut buffer, (index, s)| {
-            if index == last_index {
-                buffer.push_str(s);
-            } else if s.ends_with('\\') {
-                buffer.push_str(s.trim_end_matches('\\'));
-                buffer.push(' ');
-            } else {
-                buffer.push_str(s);
-                buffer.push('\n');
-            }
-            buffer
-        })
-}
-
-// Gets doc strings from doc comment attributes.
-fn get_doc_strings(items: &[MetaNameValue]) -> Option<SpanContainer<Vec<String>>> {
-    let mut span = None;
-    let comments = items
-        .iter()
-        .filter_map(|item| {
-            if item.path.is_ident("doc") {
-                match item.lit {
-                    Lit::Str(ref strlit) => {
-                        if span.is_none() {
-                            span = Some(strlit.span());
-                        }
-                        Some(strlit.value())
-                    }
-                    _ => abort!(syn::Error::new(
-                        item.lit.span(),
-                        "doc attributes only have string literal"
-                    )),
-                }
-            } else {
-                None
-            }
-        })
-        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-    span.map(|span| SpanContainer::new(span, None, comments))
-}
-
-// Gets doc comment attributes.
-fn get_doc_attr(attrs: &[Attribute]) -> Option<Vec<MetaNameValue>> {
-    let mut docs = Vec::new();
-    for attr in attrs {
-        match attr.parse_meta() {
-            Ok(Meta::NameValue(ref nv)) if nv.path.is_ident("doc") => docs.push(nv.clone()),
-            _ => {}
-        }
-    }
-    if !docs.is_empty() {
-        return Some(docs);
-    }
-    None
-}
-
-// Note: duplicated from juniper crate!
-#[doc(hidden)]
-pub fn to_camel_case(s: &str) -> String {
-    let mut dest = String::new();
-
-    // Handle `_` and `__` to be more friendly with the `_var` convention for unused variables, and
-    // GraphQL introspection identifiers.
-    let s_iter = if let Some(s) = s.strip_prefix("__") {
-        dest.push_str("__");
-        s
-    } else {
-        s.strip_prefix('_').unwrap_or(s)
-    }
-    .split('_')
-    .enumerate();
-
-    for (i, part) in s_iter {
-        if i > 0 && part.len() == 1 {
-            dest.push_str(&part.to_uppercase());
-        } else if i > 0 && part.len() > 1 {
-            let first = part
-                .chars()
-                .next()
-                .unwrap()
-                .to_uppercase()
-                .collect::<String>();
-            let second = &part[1..];
-
-            dest.push_str(&first);
-            dest.push_str(second);
-        } else if i == 0 {
-            dest.push_str(part);
-        }
-    }
-
-    dest
-}
-
-pub(crate) fn to_upper_snake_case(s: &str) -> String {
-    let mut last_lower = false;
-    let mut upper = String::new();
-    for c in s.chars() {
-        if c == '_' {
-            last_lower = false;
-        } else if c.is_lowercase() {
-            last_lower = true;
-        } else if c.is_uppercase() {
-            if last_lower {
-                upper.push('_');
-            }
-            last_lower = false;
-        }
-
-        for u in c.to_uppercase() {
-            upper.push(u);
-        }
-    }
-    upper
-}
-
-/// The different possible ways to change case of fields in a struct, or variants in an enum.
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq)]
-pub enum RenameRule {
-    /// Don't apply a default rename rule.
-    None,
-    /// Rename to "camelCase" style.
-    CamelCase,
-    /// Rename to "SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE" style
-    ScreamingSnakeCase,
-}
-
-impl RenameRule {
-    pub fn apply(&self, field: &str) -> String {
-        match self {
-            Self::None => field.to_owned(),
-            Self::CamelCase => to_camel_case(field),
-            Self::ScreamingSnakeCase => to_upper_snake_case(field),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl FromStr for RenameRule {
-    type Err = ();
-
-    fn from_str(rule: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
-        match rule {
-            "none" => Ok(Self::None),
-            "camelCase" => Ok(Self::CamelCase),
-            "SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE" => Ok(Self::ScreamingSnakeCase),
-            _ => Err(()),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl TryFrom<syn::LitStr> for RenameRule {
-    type Error = syn::Error;
-
-    fn try_from(lit: syn::LitStr) -> syn::Result<Self> {
-        Self::from_str(&lit.value()).map_err(|_| syn::Error::new(lit.span(), "unknown rename rule"))
-    }
-}
-
-impl Parse for RenameRule {
-    fn parse(input: ParseStream<'_>) -> syn::Result<Self> {
-        Self::try_from(input.parse::<syn::LitStr>()?)
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod test {
-    use proc_macro2::Span;
-    use syn::{Ident, LitStr};
-
-    use super::*;
-
-    fn is_valid_name(field_name: &str) -> bool {
-        let mut chars = field_name.chars();
-
-        match chars.next() {
-            // first char can't be a digit
-            Some(c) if c.is_ascii_alphabetic() || c == '_' => (),
-            // can't be an empty string or any other character
-            _ => return false,
-        };
-
-        chars.all(|c| c.is_ascii_alphanumeric() || c == '_')
-    }
-
-    fn strs_to_strings(source: Vec<&str>) -> Vec<String> {
-        source
-            .iter()
-            .map(|x| (*x).to_string())
-            .collect::<Vec<String>>()
-    }
-
-    fn litstr(s: &str) -> Lit {
-        Lit::Str(LitStr::new(s, Span::call_site()))
-    }
-
-    fn ident(s: &str) -> Ident {
-        quote::format_ident!("{}", s)
-    }
-
-    mod test_get_doc_strings {
-        use super::*;
-
-        #[test]
-        fn test_single() {
-            let result = get_doc_strings(&[MetaNameValue {
-                path: ident("doc").into(),
-                eq_token: Default::default(),
-                lit: litstr("foo"),
-            }]);
-            assert_eq!(
-                &result.unwrap(),
-                Some(&strs_to_strings(vec!["foo"])).unwrap()
-            );
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn test_many() {
-            let result = get_doc_strings(&[
-                MetaNameValue {
-                    path: ident("doc").into(),
-                    eq_token: Default::default(),
-                    lit: litstr("foo"),
-                },
-                MetaNameValue {
-                    path: ident("doc").into(),
-                    eq_token: Default::default(),
-                    lit: litstr("\n"),
-                },
-                MetaNameValue {
-                    path: ident("doc").into(),
-                    eq_token: Default::default(),
-                    lit: litstr("bar"),
-                },
-            ]);
-            assert_eq!(
-                &result.unwrap(),
-                Some(&strs_to_strings(vec!["foo", "\n", "bar"])).unwrap()
-            );
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn test_not_doc() {
-            let result = get_doc_strings(&[MetaNameValue {
-                path: ident("blah").into(),
-                eq_token: Default::default(),
-                lit: litstr("foo"),
-            }]);
-            assert_eq!(&result, &None);
-        }
-    }
-
-    mod test_join_doc_strings {
-        use super::*;
-
-        #[test]
-        fn test_single() {
-            let result = join_doc_strings(&strs_to_strings(vec!["foo"]));
-            assert_eq!(&result, "foo");
-        }
-        #[test]
-        fn test_multiple() {
-            let result = join_doc_strings(&strs_to_strings(vec!["foo", "bar"]));
-            assert_eq!(&result, "foo\nbar");
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn test_trims_spaces() {
-            let result = join_doc_strings(&strs_to_strings(vec![" foo ", "bar ", " baz"]));
-            assert_eq!(&result, "foo\nbar\nbaz");
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn test_empty() {
-            let result = join_doc_strings(&strs_to_strings(vec!["foo", "", "bar"]));
-            assert_eq!(&result, "foo\n\nbar");
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn test_newline_spaces() {
-            let result = join_doc_strings(&strs_to_strings(vec!["foo ", "", " bar"]));
-            assert_eq!(&result, "foo\n\nbar");
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn test_continuation_backslash() {
-            let result = join_doc_strings(&strs_to_strings(vec!["foo\\", "x\\", "y", "bar"]));
-            assert_eq!(&result, "foo x y\nbar");
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_to_camel_case() {
-        assert_eq!(&to_camel_case("test")[..], "test");
-        assert_eq!(&to_camel_case("_test")[..], "test");
-        assert_eq!(&to_camel_case("__test")[..], "__test");
-        assert_eq!(&to_camel_case("first_second")[..], "firstSecond");
-        assert_eq!(&to_camel_case("first_")[..], "first");
-        assert_eq!(&to_camel_case("a_b_c")[..], "aBC");
-        assert_eq!(&to_camel_case("a_bc")[..], "aBc");
-        assert_eq!(&to_camel_case("a_b")[..], "aB");
-        assert_eq!(&to_camel_case("a")[..], "a");
-        assert_eq!(&to_camel_case("")[..], "");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_to_upper_snake_case() {
-        assert_eq!(to_upper_snake_case("abc"), "ABC");
-        assert_eq!(to_upper_snake_case("a_bc"), "A_BC");
-        assert_eq!(to_upper_snake_case("ABC"), "ABC");
-        assert_eq!(to_upper_snake_case("A_BC"), "A_BC");
-        assert_eq!(to_upper_snake_case("SomeInput"), "SOME_INPUT");
-        assert_eq!(to_upper_snake_case("someInput"), "SOME_INPUT");
-        assert_eq!(to_upper_snake_case("someINpuT"), "SOME_INPU_T");
-        assert_eq!(to_upper_snake_case("some_INpuT"), "SOME_INPU_T");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_is_valid_name() {
-        assert_eq!(is_valid_name("yesItIs"), true);
-        assert_eq!(is_valid_name("NoitIsnt"), true);
-        assert_eq!(is_valid_name("iso6301"), true);
-        assert_eq!(is_valid_name("thisIsATest"), true);
-        assert_eq!(is_valid_name("i6Op"), true);
-        assert_eq!(is_valid_name("i!"), false);
-        assert_eq!(is_valid_name(""), false);
-        assert_eq!(is_valid_name("aTest"), true);
-        assert_eq!(is_valid_name("__Atest90"), true);
-    }
-}