diff --git a/juniper/src/behavior.rs b/juniper/src/behavior.rs
index 3c6c84a4..d7a53f27 100644
--- a/juniper/src/behavior.rs
+++ b/juniper/src/behavior.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,21 @@
 //! Default GraphQL behaviors.
 
+use std::{marker::PhantomData, sync::atomic::AtomicPtr};
+
 /// Default standard behavior of GraphQL types implementation.
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub enum Standard {}
+
+pub struct Coerce<T: ?Sized, From: ?Sized = Standard>(PhantomData<AtomicPtr<Box<From>>>, T);
+
+impl<T, From: ?Sized> Coerce<T, From> {
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn wrap(val: T) -> Self {
+        Self(PhantomData, val)
+    }
+}
+
+#[must_use]
+pub const fn coerce<T, From: ?Sized>(val: T) -> Coerce<T, From> {
+    Coerce::wrap(val)
+}
diff --git a/juniper/src/executor/mod.rs b/juniper/src/executor/mod.rs
index 3c6fd907..295af173 100644
--- a/juniper/src/executor/mod.rs
+++ b/juniper/src/executor/mod.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 use std::{
     borrow::Cow,
     cmp::Ordering,
-    collections::HashMap,
+    collections::{hash_map, HashMap},
     fmt::{Debug, Display},
     sync::{Arc, RwLock},
 };
@@ -1190,30 +1190,19 @@ impl<'r, S: 'r> Registry<'r, S> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Returns a [`Type`] meta information for the specified [`graphql::Type`],
-    /// registered in this [`Registry`].
-    ///
-    /// If this [`Registry`] doesn't contain a [`Type`] meta information with
-    /// such [`TypeName`] before, it will construct the one and store it.
+    /// Returns an entry with a [`Type`] meta information for the specified
+    /// named [`graphql::Type`], registered in this [`Registry`].
     ///
     /// [`graphql::Type`]: resolve::Type
-    /// [`TypeName`]: resolve::TypeName
-    pub fn get_type_new<T, Info>(&mut self, info: &Info) -> Type<'r>
+    pub fn entry_type<T, TI>(
+        &mut self,
+        type_info: &TI,
+    ) -> hash_map::Entry<'_, Name, MetaType<'r, S>>
     where
-        T: resolve::Type<Info, S> + resolve::TypeName<Info> + ?Sized,
-        Info: ?Sized,
+        T: resolve::TypeName<TI> + ?Sized,
+        TI: ?Sized,
     {
-        let name = T::type_name(info);
-        let validated_name = name.parse::<Name>().unwrap();
-        if !self.types.contains_key(name) {
-            self.insert_placeholder(
-                validated_name.clone(),
-                Type::NonNullNamed(Cow::Owned(name.to_string())),
-            );
-            let meta = T::meta(self, info);
-            self.types.insert(validated_name, meta);
-        }
-        self.types[name].as_type()
+        self.types.entry(T::type_name(type_info).parse().unwrap())
     }
 
     /// Creates a [`Field`] with the provided `name`.
@@ -1306,19 +1295,20 @@ impl<'r, S: 'r> Registry<'r, S> {
         // TODO: Allow using references.
         ScalarMeta::new_new::<T, _>(T::type_name(info).to_owned())
     }
+    */
 
-    /// Builds a [`ScalarMeta`] information for the [`?Sized`] specified
+    /// Builds a [`ScalarMeta`] information for the specified [`?Sized`]
     /// [`graphql::Type`].
     ///
     /// [`graphql::Type`]: resolve::Type
-    pub fn build_scalar_type_unsized<T, Info>(&mut self, info: &Info) -> ScalarMeta<'r, S>
+    pub fn build_scalar_type_unsized<T, TI>(&mut self, type_info: &TI) -> ScalarMeta<'r, S>
     where
-        T: resolve::TypeName<Info> + resolve::ScalarToken<S> + resolve::InputValueAsRef<S> + ?Sized,
-        Info: ?Sized,
+        T: resolve::TypeName<TI> + resolve::InputValueAsRef<S> + resolve::ScalarToken<S> + ?Sized,
+        TI: ?Sized,
     {
         // TODO: Allow using references.
-        ScalarMeta::new_unsized::<T, _>(T::type_name(info).to_owned())
-    }*/
+        ScalarMeta::new_unsized::<T, _>(T::type_name(type_info).to_owned())
+    }
 
     /// Creates a [`ListMeta`] type.
     ///
diff --git a/juniper/src/schema/meta.rs b/juniper/src/schema/meta.rs
index f9f50af6..17ce8c74 100644
--- a/juniper/src/schema/meta.rs
+++ b/juniper/src/schema/meta.rs
@@ -54,6 +54,20 @@ pub struct ScalarMeta<'a, S> {
     pub(crate) parse_fn: ScalarTokenParseFn<S>,
 }
 
+// Manual implementation is required here to omit redundant `S: Clone` trait
+// bound, imposed by `#[derive(Clone)]`.
+impl<'a, S> Clone for ScalarMeta<'a, S> {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            name: self.name.clone(),
+            description: self.description.clone(),
+            specified_by_url: self.specified_by_url.clone(),
+            try_parse_fn: self.try_parse_fn,
+            parse_fn: self.parse_fn,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// Shortcut for an [`InputValue`] parsing function.
 pub type InputValueParseFn<S> = for<'b> fn(&'b InputValue<S>) -> Result<(), FieldError<S>>;
 
@@ -61,7 +75,7 @@ pub type InputValueParseFn<S> = for<'b> fn(&'b InputValue<S>) -> Result<(), Fiel
 pub type ScalarTokenParseFn<S> = for<'b> fn(ScalarToken<'b>) -> Result<S, ParseError<'b>>;
 
 /// List type metadata
-#[derive(Debug)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct ListMeta<'a> {
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub of_type: Type<'a>,
@@ -71,14 +85,14 @@ pub struct ListMeta<'a> {
 }
 
 /// Nullable type metadata
-#[derive(Debug)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct NullableMeta<'a> {
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub of_type: Type<'a>,
 }
 
 /// Object type metadata
-#[derive(Debug)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct ObjectMeta<'a, S> {
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub name: Cow<'a, str>,
@@ -101,8 +115,21 @@ pub struct EnumMeta<'a, S> {
     pub(crate) try_parse_fn: InputValueParseFn<S>,
 }
 
+// Manual implementation is required here to omit redundant `S: Clone` trait
+// bound, imposed by `#[derive(Clone)]`.
+impl<'a, S> Clone for EnumMeta<'a, S> {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            name: self.name.clone(),
+            description: self.description.clone(),
+            values: self.values.clone(),
+            try_parse_fn: self.try_parse_fn,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// Interface type metadata
-#[derive(Debug)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct InterfaceMeta<'a, S> {
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub name: Cow<'a, str>,
@@ -113,7 +140,7 @@ pub struct InterfaceMeta<'a, S> {
 }
 
 /// Union type metadata
-#[derive(Debug)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct UnionMeta<'a> {
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub name: Cow<'a, str>,
@@ -124,6 +151,7 @@ pub struct UnionMeta<'a> {
 }
 
 /// Input object metadata
+#[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct InputObjectMeta<'a, S> {
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub name: Cow<'a, str>,
@@ -138,14 +166,14 @@ pub struct InputObjectMeta<'a, S> {
 ///
 /// After a type's `meta` method has been called but before it has returned, a placeholder type
 /// is inserted into a registry to indicate existence.
-#[derive(Debug)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct PlaceholderMeta<'a> {
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub of_type: Type<'a>,
 }
 
 /// Generic type metadata
-#[derive(Debug)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub enum MetaType<'a, S = DefaultScalarValue> {
     #[doc(hidden)]
     Scalar(ScalarMeta<'a, S>),
@@ -168,7 +196,7 @@ pub enum MetaType<'a, S = DefaultScalarValue> {
 }
 
 /// Metadata for a field
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct Field<'a, S> {
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub name: smartstring::alias::String,
@@ -191,7 +219,7 @@ impl<'a, S> Field<'a, S> {
 }
 
 /// Metadata for an argument to a field
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct Argument<'a, S> {
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub name: String,
@@ -465,7 +493,7 @@ impl<'a, S> ScalarMeta<'a, S> {
             try_parse_fn: try_parse_fn_new::<S, T>,
             parse_fn: <T as resolve::ScalarToken<S>>::parse_scalar_token,
         }
-    }
+    }*/
 
     /// Builds a new [`ScalarMeta`] information with the specified `name` for
     /// the [`?Sized`] `T`ype that may only be parsed as a reference.
@@ -481,10 +509,10 @@ impl<'a, S> ScalarMeta<'a, S> {
             name: name.into(),
             description: None,
             specified_by_url: None,
-            try_parse_fn: try_parse_unsized_fn::<S, T>,
+            try_parse_fn: try_parse_unsized_fn::<T, S>,
             parse_fn: <T as resolve::ScalarToken<S>>::parse_scalar_token,
         }
-    }*/
+    }
 
     /// Sets the `description` of this [`ScalarMeta`] type.
     ///
@@ -847,13 +875,13 @@ where
         .map(drop)
         .map_err(T::Error::into_field_error)
 }
+*/
 
-fn try_parse_unsized_fn<S, T>(v: &InputValue<S>) -> Result<(), FieldError<S>>
+fn try_parse_unsized_fn<T, SV>(v: &InputValue<SV>) -> Result<(), FieldError<SV>>
 where
-    T: resolve::InputValueAsRef<S> + ?Sized,
+    T: resolve::InputValueAsRef<SV> + ?Sized,
 {
     T::try_from_input_value(v)
         .map(drop)
         .map_err(T::Error::into_field_error)
 }
-*/
diff --git a/juniper/src/types/str.rs b/juniper/src/types/str.rs
index a5ff4436..6e0a39e4 100644
--- a/juniper/src/types/str.rs
+++ b/juniper/src/types/str.rs
@@ -13,24 +13,28 @@ use crate::{
     reflect, resolve, BoxFuture, ExecutionResult, Executor, Registry, ScalarValue, Selection,
 };
 
-/*
-impl<Info: ?Sized, S: ScalarValue> resolve::Type<Info, S> for str {
-    fn meta<'r>(registry: &mut Registry<'r, S>, info: &Info) -> MetaType<'r, S>
+impl<TI: ?Sized, SV: ScalarValue> resolve::Type<TI, SV> for str {
+    fn meta<'r>(registry: &mut Registry<'r, SV>, type_info: &TI) -> MetaType<'r, SV>
     where
-        S: 'r,
+        SV: 'r,
     {
+        let meta = registry
+            .build_scalar_type_unsized::<Self, _>(type_info)
+            .into_meta();
         registry
-            .build_scalar_type_unsized::<Self, _>(info)
-            .into_meta()
+            .entry_type::<Self, _>(type_info)
+            .or_insert(meta)
+            .clone()
     }
 }
 
-impl<Info: ?Sized> resolve::TypeName<Info> for str {
-    fn type_name(_: &Info) -> &'static str {
-        <Self as reflect::BaseType<()>>::NAME
+impl<TI: ?Sized> resolve::TypeName<TI> for str {
+    fn type_name(_: &TI) -> &'static str {
+        <Self as reflect::BaseType>::NAME
     }
 }
 
+/*
 impl<Info, Ctx, S> resolve::Value<Info, Ctx, S> for str
 where
     Info: ?Sized,
@@ -76,49 +80,65 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<S: ScalarValue> resolve::InputValueAsRef<S> for str {
+ */
+
+impl<SV: ScalarValue> resolve::InputValueAsRef<SV> for str {
     type Error = String;
 
-    fn try_from_input_value(v: &graphql::InputValue<S>) -> Result<&Self, Self::Error> {
+    fn try_from_input_value(v: &graphql::InputValue<SV>) -> Result<&Self, Self::Error> {
         v.as_string_value()
             .ok_or_else(|| format!("Expected `String`, found: {}", v))
     }
 }
 
-impl<'inp, S: ScalarValue> resolve::InputValueAsBox<'inp, S> for str {
-    type Error = String;
-
-    fn try_from_input_value(v: &'inp graphql::InputValue<S>) -> Result<Box<Self>, Self::Error> {
-        <str as resolve::InputValueAsRef<S>>::try_from_input_value(v).map(Into::into)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'inp, S: ScalarValue> resolve::InputValueAsArc<'inp, S> for str {
-    type Error = String;
-
-    fn try_from_input_value(v: &'inp graphql::InputValue<S>) -> Result<Arc<Self>, Self::Error> {
-        <str as resolve::InputValueAsRef<S>>::try_from_input_value(v).map(Into::into)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'inp, S: ScalarValue> resolve::InputValueAsRc<'inp, S> for str {
-    type Error = String;
-
-    fn try_from_input_value(v: &'inp graphql::InputValue<S>) -> Result<Rc<Self>, Self::Error> {
-        <str as resolve::InputValueAsRef<S>>::try_from_input_value(v).map(Into::into)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<S> resolve::ScalarToken<S> for str
+impl<'i, SV> resolve::InputValueAs<'i, Box<str>, SV> for str
 where
-    String: resolve::ScalarToken<S>,
+    SV: 'i,
+    Self: resolve::InputValueAsRef<SV>,
 {
-    fn parse_scalar_token(token: ScalarToken<'_>) -> Result<S, ParseError<'_>> {
-        <String as resolve::ScalarToken<S>>::parse_scalar_token(token)
+    type Error = <Self as resolve::InputValueAsRef<SV>>::Error;
+
+    fn try_from_input_value(v: &'i graphql::InputValue<SV>) -> Result<Box<Self>, Self::Error> {
+        <Self as resolve::InputValueAsRef<SV>>::try_from_input_value(v).map(Into::into)
     }
 }
 
+impl<'i, SV> resolve::InputValueAs<'i, Rc<str>, SV> for str
+where
+    SV: 'i,
+    Self: resolve::InputValueAsRef<SV>,
+{
+    type Error = <Self as resolve::InputValueAsRef<SV>>::Error;
+
+    fn try_from_input_value(v: &'i graphql::InputValue<SV>) -> Result<Rc<Self>, Self::Error> {
+        <Self as resolve::InputValueAsRef<SV>>::try_from_input_value(v).map(Into::into)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'i, SV> resolve::InputValueAs<'i, Arc<str>, SV> for str
+where
+    SV: 'i,
+    Self: resolve::InputValueAsRef<SV>,
+{
+    type Error = <Self as resolve::InputValueAsRef<SV>>::Error;
+
+    fn try_from_input_value(v: &'i graphql::InputValue<SV>) -> Result<Arc<Self>, Self::Error> {
+        <Self as resolve::InputValueAsRef<SV>>::try_from_input_value(v).map(Into::into)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<SV> resolve::ScalarToken<SV> for str
+//TODO: where String: resolve::ScalarToken<SV>,
+where
+    String: crate::ParseScalarValue<SV>,
+{
+    fn parse_scalar_token(token: ScalarToken<'_>) -> Result<SV, ParseError<'_>> {
+        // TODO: <String as resolve::ScalarToken<SV>>::parse_scalar_token(token)
+        <String as crate::ParseScalarValue<SV>>::from_str(token)
+    }
+}
 /*
+
 impl<'i, Info, S: 'i> graphql::InputType<'i, Info, S> for str
 where
     Self: resolve::Type<Info, S> + resolve::ToInputValue<S> + resolve::InputValue<'i, S>,
@@ -126,7 +146,7 @@ where
 {
     fn assert_input_type() {}
 }
-*/
+
 
 impl<S> graphql::OutputType<S> for str {
     fn assert_output_type() {}
@@ -134,17 +154,16 @@ impl<S> graphql::OutputType<S> for str {
 
 impl<S> graphql::Scalar<S> for str {
     fn assert_scalar() {}
+}*/
+
+impl reflect::BaseType for str {
+    const NAME: reflect::Type = "String"; // TODO: <String as reflect::BaseType<BH>>::NAME;
 }
 
-impl<S> reflect::BaseType<S> for str {
-    const NAME: reflect::Type = <String as reflect::BaseType<S>>::NAME;
+impl reflect::BaseSubTypes for str {
+    const NAMES: reflect::Types = &[<Self as reflect::BaseType>::NAME];
 }
 
-impl<S> reflect::BaseSubTypes<S> for str {
-    const NAMES: reflect::Types = &[<Self as reflect::BaseType<S>>::NAME];
-}
-
-impl<S> reflect::WrappedType<S> for str {
+impl reflect::WrappedType for str {
     const VALUE: reflect::WrappedValue = reflect::wrap::SINGULAR;
 }
-*/